Bayer, M.B., Van Jaarsveld, E. (2019). Haworthia ASPHODELACEAE. In: Eggli, U., Nyffeler, R. (eds) Monocotyledons. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56324-3_56-1

Abstract

A diagnostic description of the genus is given with special emphasis on the occurrence of succulence amongst its species. The geographical distribution is outlined, together with a selection of important literature, and an explanation of the etymology of the name. This is followed by a short summary of its position in the phylogeny of the family and of the past and present classification in a phylogenetic context. The succulent features present amongst the species of the genus are shortly explained as to morphology and anatomy.

This is followed by a synoptical treatment of the species (all succulent) of the genus, complete with typification details, full synonymy, geographical and ecological data, a diagnostic description, and, where applicable, notes on phylogenetic placement and relationships, as well as economic and/or horticultural importance.

Haworthia Duval (Pl. Succ. Horto Alencon., [7], 1809). Type: Aloe pumila var. arachnoidea Linné. — Alooideae — Lit: Bayer ( 1982: ill. synopsis); Scott ( 1985: ill. synopsis); Breuer & Metzing ( 1997: typification); Breuer ( 1998a: bibliography); Breuer ( 1998b: synopsis); Bayer ( 1999: revision); Battista ( 2009: ill. synopsis); Schulz ( 2009: ill. synopsis); Mays ( 2013: cultivar synopsis); Zonneveld ( 2015: sectional classification); Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016: classification Haworthiopsis); Gildenhuys ( 2017: illustrated synopsis Haworthiopsis). Distr: S Namibia, RSA (predominantly Western Cape, Eastern Cape, but also Northern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga), Swaziland, S Moçambique; mainly Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo and Albany Thicket vegetations, and to a lesser extent savanna, mostly in rocky places in the shade of grasses or shrubs. Etym: For Adrian H. Haworth (1768–1833), English zoologist and botanist and succulent plant specialist.

• Catevala Medikus (1786) ( nomen rejiciendum, Art. 56.1). Type: Aloe retusa Linné [Pfeiffer, Nomencl. Bot., 1871–74 (cf. P. V. Heath, Calyx 4(3): 83, 1994)].
• Apicra Willdenow (1811). Type: not typified.
• Aprica D. Dietrich (1840). Type: not typified.
• Tulista Rafinesque (1840). Type: Aloe pumila var. margaritifera Linné.
• Haworthiopsis G. D. Rowley (2013). Type: Haworthia coarctata Haworth.
• × Hawiopsis G. D. Rowley (2014).
• × Tulworthia G. D. Rowley (2014).
• × Tulworthiopsis G. D. Rowley (2014).

Dwarf rosulate perennials, acaulescent to caulescent, solitary or proliferating to form dense tight clusters; R fibrous to succulent, sometimes fusiform; Ros sessile or caulescent, 2–15 cm ∅, flat to globose or elongate; L erect, spreading to recurved, sometimes highly reduced, laxly to densely spirally arranged, rarely distichous or somewhat tristichous, triangular-lanceolate to linear, usually firm, often drying back from the tip and becoming papery, surfaces often tuberculate and variously marked, glabrous to rarely pubescent, often with translucent windows, and with various patterns, markings and reticulations, very pale green, blue-green to dark (blackish-) green, upper face flat, or channelled to convex, lower face convex, often keeled towards the tip, margin entire, denticulate, ciliate, with bristly Sp or tuberculate, tip acute, or acuminate to mucronate, sometimes retuse or truncate; Inf 1–5 racemes from near the rosette centre, erect, simple or branched, firm to wiry, bracteate, peduncle brownish-green, often with a powdery bloom; Bra small; Fl small, zygomorphic, bilabiate, 5–50 per inflorescence, ±15 mm, tube curved or straight, slightly swollen towards the base; Tep 6, white to pink, often with central green or brownish striations, tips spreading to recurved with green, brownish or occasionally yellow median colouration; Fil 6, included; Ov oblong to oblong-ovoid, 3-chambered, with 6 grooves; Sty subulate; Sti apical, minute, trilobate or rounded; Fr erect oblong-ovoid woody capsules, dehiscing longitudinally; Se black to grey, compressed, irregularly angled or flattish.

Classification: Treutlein & al. ( 2003b) found evidence that Haworthia in the traditional circumscription is not monophyletic, and this was corroborated by Ramdhani & al. ( 2009) and Ramdhani & al. ( 2011), as well as Daru & al. ( 2013) and Manning & al. ( 2014a) in their detailed studies of the whole subfamily Alooideae. These last-mentioned authors recovered three well-supported clades of Haworthia that conform to the traditionally accepted subgenera, with the exception of H. koelmaniorum, which occupies an enigmatic position separate from all other Haworthias. The typical subgen. Haworthia has been found in a polytomy amongst Aloe sect. Kumara, Aloe sect. Macrifolia and a clade composed of the “true Aloes” and the remaining alooid genera. Subgen. Robustipedunculares is a sister clade that includes Aloe aristata, A. variegata and the genus Astroloba, and subgen. Hexangulares is sister to Gasteria. Rowley ( 2013a) formalized this phylogeny by accepting the genus Tulista for subgen. Robustipedunculares, and by describing the new genus Haworthiopsis for subgen. Hexangulares. Tulista in the sense of Rowley (l.c.) also includes Astroloba, Poellnitzia and Aloe aristata, a circumscription that is based on the phylogeny presented by Daru & al. ( 2013). Manning & al. ( 2014a) also accept the break-up of Haworthia into the three genera just mentioned, but recircumscribe Tulista by excluding Aloe aristata (recognized as monotypic genus Aristaloe). The cytogenetic work by Zonneveld ( 2015) also supports breaking up Haworthia s.l.

Editorial comment by U. Eggli: Despite the good support for many branches in the phylogenies of Daru & al. ( 2013) and Manning & al. ( 2014a), it is argued that it is still premature to split Haworthia s.l., until a full and complete picture of the alooid genera is available — even though a good proportion of Aloe species have already been included in the phylogenetic studies cited above, taxa so far omitted could well cause surprising new interpretations when they are finally also investigated.

Haworthia s.l. has its centre of diversity in the Western Cape. Species definition is notoriously difficult because many species are highly variable and phenotypically plastic. To account for this Bayer ( 2002a: 59), Vosa ( 2005) and Bayer ( 2007a: 162–164) formulated a “superspecies” concept. It is well known that there are few reproductive barriers and natural hybrids are common within all three subgenera. In addition, both H. pumila and H. minima hybridize naturally with Astroloba corrugata. [Editorial comment by U. Eggli: In fact, Ramdhani & al. ( 2011) proposed ancient hybridization (also with species from other alooid genera) to explain the phylogeny that resulted from their DNA study. These authors also found evidence that interspecific hybridization is still on-going, esp. in subgen. Haworthia, and they argue that the absence of reproductive barriers supports such an assumption].

It is commonly known that environmental and growing conditions determine physical appearance of Haworthias to a great degree, and Bayer & Dold ( 2003) discuss the role of geology and habitat in determining ecotypes.

The difficulties to diagnostically circumscribe taxa in Haworthia have led to differing views on how many and which species should be recognized, culminating in the vast over-splitting as advocated by Hayashi ( 2008) (4 subgenera, 546 species of which 234 were only provisionally named) or Breuer ( 2010) and Breuer ( 2011) (3 subgenera, 366 species in 108 “aggregates”, also with numerous provisional names).

Here, species definitions take into account morphological data supplemented with data from geographical distribution, with due notion of sympatric occurrences. We follow the classification concept of Bayer & Manning ( 2012a) and Bayer & Manning ( 2012b), which are based on the earlier synoptical work of Bayer ( 1982), the monograph of Bayer ( 1999), and subsequent new evidence (Bayer 2002a, Bayer 2006, Bayer 2007a, Bayer 2008, Bayer 2009, Bayer 2010a, Bayer 2012a, Bayer 2012b). The following three subgenera are recognized:

• [1] Subgen. Haworthia: Base of the Fl triangular or rounded-triangular, tube obclavate, curved; OTep free; Sty upcurved; Se irregularly angled. — 37 species.
• [2] Subgen. Hexangulares Uitewaal ex B. Bayer 1971: Base of the Fl 6-angular, gradually narrowing to the junction with the Ped; tube obcapitate, curved; OTep partly fused to the ITep; Sty straight; Se irregularly angled. — 17 species.
• [3] Subgen. Robustipedunculares Uitewaal ex B. Bayer 1971: Base of the Fl 6-angular, rounded, abruptly joined to the Ped; OTep partly fused to the ITep, tube obcapitate, straight; Sty straight; Se flattish. — 4 species.

Ecology: North & al. ( 2008) report contractile roots for Haworthia, and this helps to explain the growth habit of the retuse-leaved species. Contraction is the result of radial expansion and longitudinal shrinkage of cells in the inner and/or middle root cortex layers.

Pollination Biology: Smith & al. ( 2002) found an interesting difference in nectar sugar concentrations: Species of subgen. Haworthia have <50% sucrose, while those of subgen. Hexangulares and subgen. Robustipedunculares (as well as those of the genera Astroloba and Chortolirion) have >60% sucrose. The significance of this difference is unknown, as our knowledge of pollinators of Haworthia is very incomplete. Bayer ( 2013b) reports an unidentified anthophorid solitary bee as frequent visitor, and Bayer ( 2013c) presents photographs of the bombylid solitary bee fly Australoechus hirtus on Haworthia flowers. In addition, a lycaenid butterfly is also sometimes visiting Haworthia flowers (Bayer, pers. obs.) Grenier ( 2013) also illustrates Australoechus and in addition Amegilla as flower visitors of Haworthia species and observed that pollinators do not discriminate between three concurrently flowering species. Marx ( 2013b) observed a tabanid horse-fly (probably Philoliche aethiopica) as regular pollinator of H. arachnoidea.

Horticulture: Haworthias are popular amongst succulent plant collectors, and many can tolerate relatively shaded growing conditions. Propagation is usually from offsets, but also possible from detached whole leaves or in some taxa even from detached roots, as well as from seed or via tissue culture. In the list of names of unresolved application below, many are of horticultural derivation.

Over the course of the years, numerous forms have been selected, propagated, and named as cultivars, esp. in Japan (Hayashi 2013), where special oddities are highly prized. Some species occasionally produce variegated offspring, and some of these have also been formally named as cultivars. Hildyard ( 2016a) has a short synopsis on variegated forms in the genus.

Acknowledgment: We are indebted to Sean Gildenhuys for his help with placing some of the synonyms.

The following names are of unresolved application but are referred to this genus:

Aloe anomala Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra anomala (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); Aloe aspera Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra aspera (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Astroloba aspera (Haworth) Uitewaal (1947); Aloe cylindrica Lamarck ex Poiret (1810); Aloe cylindrica var. rigida Lamarck (1783) ≡ Aloe rigida (Lamarck) De Candolle (1799) ≡ Apicra rigida (Lamarck) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia rigida (Lamarck) Haworth (1821) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×rigida (Lamarck) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Aloe ×expansa Haworth pro sp. (1804) ≡ Haworthia expansa (Haworth) Haworth (1812) ≡ Aloe rigida var. expansa (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1836) ≡ Haworthia rigida var. expansa (Haworth) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×expansa (Haworth) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Aloe expansa var. major Haworth (1804); Aloe glabrata var. concolor Salm-Dyck (1849) ≡ Haworthia glabrata var. concolor (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); Aloe glabrata var. perviridis Salm-Dyck (1849) ≡ Haworthia glabrata var. perviridis (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); Aloe ×hybrida Salm-Dyck pro sp. (1817) ≡ Haworthia ×hybrida (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1821) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×hybrida (Salm-Dyck) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Aloe ×pseudorigida Salm-Dyck pro sp. (1817) ≡ Apicra pseudorigida (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia pseudorigida (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia tortuosa var. pseudorigida (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×pseudorigida (Salm-Dyck) Gildenhuys & Klopper (2017); Aloe pumila Thunberg (1785) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1); Aloe radula var. major Salm-Dyck (1817); Aloe radula var. media Salm-Dyck (1817); Aloe radula var. minor Salm-Dyck (1817); Aloe rigida var. paulo-major Salm-Dyck (1817); Aloe rugosa Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia rugosa (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); Aloe rugosa var. laetevirens Salm-Dyck (1834); Aloe rugosa var. perviridis Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia rugosa var. perviridis (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); Aloe semimargaritifera var. glabrata Salm-Dyck (1834); Aloe semimargaritifera var. major Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia semimargaritifera var. major (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. major (Haworth) A. Berger (1908); Aloe semimargaritifera var. minor Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia semimargaritifera var. minor (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819); Aloe semimargaritifera var. multipapillosa Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. multipapillosa (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); Aloe subalbicans Salm-Dyck (1854) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. subalbicans (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); Aloe subalbicans var. acuminata Salm-Dyck (1854) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. acuminata (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); Aloe subalbicans var. laevior Salm-Dyck (1854) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. laevior (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); Aloe subattenuata Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia subattenuata (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); Aloe subfasciata Salm-Dyck (1825) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1) ≡ Haworthia subfasciata (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1); Aloe ×subrigida Roemer & Schultes fil. pro sp. (1829) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×subrigida (Roemer & Schultes fil.) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Aloe subulata Salm-Dyck (1822); Aloe subulata Salm-Dyck (1829) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1?) ≡ Haworthia subulata (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); Aloe tortuosa var. major Salm-Dyck (1837) ≡ Haworthia tortuosa var. major (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1896) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×major (Salm-Dyck) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Apicra aspera var. major Haworth (1819) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Astroloba aspera var. major (Haworth) Uitewaal (1947) ≡ Haworthia aspera var. major (Haworth) Parr (1971); Apicra patula Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); Haworthia affinis Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia bilineata var. affinis (Baker) Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia altilinea Haworth (1824) ≡ Aloe altilinea (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia mucronata var. altilinea (Haworth) Halda (1997); Haworthia altilinea fa. acuminata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. acuminata (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia altilinea fa. minor Triebner (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. minor (Triebner) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia altilinea fa. subglauca Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. subglauca (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia altilinea var. bicarinata Triebner (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata var. bicarinata (Triebner) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia altilinea var. brevisetata Von Poellnitz (1937); Haworthia altilinea var. setulifera Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata var. setulifera (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia altilinea var. typica Von Poellnitz (1937) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 24.3); Haworthia argyrostigma Baker (1896) ( nom. inval., Art. 32.1) ≡ Haworthia attenuata var. argyrostigma (Baker) A. Berger (1908) ( nom. inval., Art. 32.1); Haworthia aspera Haworth (1812); Haworthia asperula Haworth (1824) ≡ Aloe asperula (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia retusa ssp. asperula (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. asperula (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. asperula (Haworth) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); Haworthia baccata G. G. Smith (1944); Haworthia bijliana Von Poellnitz (1929) ≡ Haworthia setata var. bijliana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia bilineata Baker (1880); Haworthia ×cassytha Baker pro sp. (1896) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×cassytha (Baker) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia coarctata var. sampaiana Resende (1938) ≡ Haworthia ×sampaiana (Resende) Resende pro sp. (1940) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×sampaiana (Resende) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia ×coarctatoides Resende & Viveiros (1948); Haworthia columnaris Baker (1889) ≡ Haworthia pilifera var. columnaris (Baker) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. columnaris (Baker) Uitewaal (1948); Haworthia confusa Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia minima var. confusa (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia tenera var. confusa (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); Haworthia ×curta Haworth pro sp. (1819) ≡ Aloe curta (Haworth) Sprengel (1825) ≡ Haworthia tortuosa var. curta (Haworth) Baker (1896) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×curta (Haworth) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia cuspidata Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe cuspidata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); Haworthia fergusoniae Von Poellnitz (1930); Haworthia ferox Von Poellnitz (1933); Haworthia ferox var. armata Von Poellnitz (1937); Haworthia fukuyae M. Hayashi (2007); Haworthia gracilidelineata Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia bilineata var. gracilidelineata (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis fa. gracilidelineata (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); Haworthia helmiae Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia unicolor var. helmiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia aristata var. helmiae (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.4) ≡ Haworthia aristata ssp. helmiae (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); Haworthia henriquesii Resende (1941); Haworthia icosiphylla Baker (1880); Haworthia janseana Uitewaal (1940); Haworthia krausiana Hort. Haage & Schmidt (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1, 38.1a); Haworthia ×krausii hort. ex J. R. Brown (1957); Haworthia ×lisbonensis Resende pro sp. (1946) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×lisbonensis (Resende) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia longifolia Farden (1939); Haworthia multifaria Haworth (1824) ≡ Aloe multifaria (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); Haworthia obscura Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); Haworthia ollasonii G. R. Hayes (1971) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); Haworthia pearsonii C. H. Wright (1907) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea ssp. pearsonii (C. H. Wright) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. pearsonii (C. H. Wright) Halda (1997); Haworthia pellucens var. delicatula A. Berger (1908) ≡ Haworthia translucens var. delicatula (A. Berger) Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia perplexa Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia platinosa M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); Haworthia polyphylla Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia altilinea var. polyphylla (Baker) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata var. polyphylla (Baker) Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia pseudogranulata Von Poellnitz (1937); Haworthia radula var. asperior Haworth (1821); Haworthia radula var. laevior Haworth (1821); Haworthia radula var. magniperlata Haworth (1821); Haworthia reinwardtii var. minor hort. ex Baker (1880); Haworthia ×resendeana Von Poellnitz pro sp. (1938) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×resendeana (Von Poellnitz) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia ×revendettii Uitewaal (1940) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×revendettii (Uitewaal) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia ×rubrobrunnea Von Poellnitz pro sp. (1940) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×rubrobrunnea (Von Poellnitz) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia ryderiana Von Poellnitz (1937); Haworthia semiglabrata Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe semiglabrata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); Haworthia semimargaritifera var. multiperlata Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe semimargaritifera var. multiperlata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. multiperlata (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia sessiliflora Baker (1896); Haworthia setata var. subinermis Von Poellnitz (1936); Haworthia similis M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); Haworthia stiemiei Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia tisleyi Baker (1880); Haworthia ×tortella Haworth pro sp. (1819) ≡ Haworthia tortuosa var. tortella (Haworth) Baker (1896) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×tortella (Haworth) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); Haworthia triebneriana var. lanceolata Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); Haworthia triebneriana var. nitida Von Poellnitz (1940); Haworthia uitewaaliana Von Poellnitz (1939); Haworthia vitris M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); Haworthia walmsleyi Hort. Haage & Schmidt (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1, 38.1a); Haworthia yarrowa M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).

H. angustifolia Haworth (Philos. Mag. J. 66: 283, 1825). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bruyns 1653 [NBG 120 017]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).
≡ Haworthia chloracantha ssp. angustifolia (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. angustifolia (Haworth) Halda (1997).

H. angustifolia var. altissima M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 26, ill. (p. 27), 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 5220 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Grahamstown Distr.); in Bisho Thornveld and savanna vegetations.
≡ Haworthia altissima (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. angustifolia: Ros proliferous; L slender, erect, to 15 × 1 cm, finely denticulate along margins and keel, colour tending to greyish-green rather than darkish green.

H. angustifolia var. angustifolia — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); in savanna. I: Bayer ( 1982: fig. 1a); Scott ( 1985: 55).
Incl. Aloe stenophylla Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia albanensis Schönland (1912) ≡ Haworthia angustifolia var. albanensis (Schönland) Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia angustifolia var. grandis G. G. Smith (1943) ≡ Haworthia angustifolia fa. grandis (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia grandis M. Hayashi (2000) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia anna M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia cocksia M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia viridula M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Ros to 4 cm ∅, proliferous, stemless; L 10–40, slender, erect, to 10 × 1 cm, lanceolate-acuminate, somewhat flaccid, brownish to dark green, margins and keel finely denticulate; Inf to 20 cm, lax; Fl 8–10, white to dull pinkish-white.

H.angustifolia var. baylissii (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 27, ill., 1999). Type: RSA ( Scott 796 [PRE, NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Oudekraal); in Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 1b, as fa.); Scott ( 1985: 102, as H. baylissii).
≡ Haworthia baylissii C. L. Scott (1968) ≡ Haworthia angustifolia fa. baylissii (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer ( 1982) ≡ Haworthia chloracantha ssp. baylissii (C. L. Scott) Halda (1997).
[1] Differs from var. angustifolia: L deltoid, recurving.

H. angustifolia var. paucifolia G. G. Smith (J. South Afr. Bot. 14: 48, ill. (p. 58), 1948). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 6819 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Frazer’s Camp to Kaffirdrift); in savanna.
≡ Haworthia angustifolia fa. paucifolia (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia paucifolia (G. G. Smith) M. Hayashi (2010).
[1] Differs from var. angustifolia: L only 3–4, to 3 cm.

H. arachnoidea (Linné) Duval (Pl. Succ. Horto Alencon., 7, 1809). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Praeludia Bot., t. 27, 1703. — Lit: Bayer ( 2003b); Bayer ( 2004b); Bayer ( 2010g). Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape, Eastern Cape); mainly in Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Aloe pumila var. arachnoidea Linné (1753) ≡ Aloe arachnoidea (Linné) Burman fil. (1768) ≡ Catevala arachnoidea (Linné) Medikus (1786) ≡ Apicra arachnoidea (Linné) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Aloe arachnoides Thunberg (1785); incl. Aloe arachnoidea var. communis Aiton (1789) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 26.1).

H. arachnoidea var. arachnoidea — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 2) – Fig. 1.
Incl. Haworthia arachnoidea var. minor Haworth (1819); incl. Haworthia joubertii M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. joubertii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia laxa M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. laxa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia limbata M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. limbata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia gilva Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia isomorpha Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] R slender, succulent; Ros stemless, variable in size from 6 to exceptionally 12 cm ∅, solitary or forming small clusters; L 25–80, dense, incurving, uniformly light to dark green, not translucent and only occasionally faintly reticulate, flattened and often drying grey-white to brownish at the tips forming a protective cover, triangular-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–7 × 1–1.5 cm, keeled, margin and keels with translucent bristly Sp to 12 mm, tip acuminate-aristate; Inf to 30 cm; Fl 20–30, white.

Fig. 1 – Haworthia arachnoidea var. arachnoidea. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. arachnoidea var. aranea (A. Berger) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 30, ill. (p. 31), 1999). Type: [lecto — icono]: A. Berger in Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.), Pflanzenr. 4(38 = Heft 33): 114, Fig. 39A–E, 1908. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); dry Mountain Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 3, as H. aranea).
≡ Haworthia bolusii var. aranea A. Berger (1908) ≡ Haworthia aranea (A. Berger) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia araneoides M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. arachnoidea: Ros smaller, to 6 cm ∅; L softer in texture.

H. arachnoidea var. namaquensis M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 31, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Northern Cape ( Bayer 1674 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Haworthia namaquensis (M. B. Bayer) Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. arachnoidea: Ros to 6 cm ∅; L paler green.

H. arachnoidea var. nigricans (Haworth) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 32, ill., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA ( Bayer 2419 [NBG]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2002b). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Scott ( 1985: 100, as H. helmiae).
≡ Haworthia setata var. nigricans Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe setata var. nigricans (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia venteri Von Poellnitz (1939) ≡ Haworthia unicolor var. venteri (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia scottii Breuer (2003); incl. Haworthia nigrata M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia apta Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia formosa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia kuromisa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia regens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. arachnoidea: L with dark purplish coloration.

H. arachnoidea var. scabrispina M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 34, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 2105 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Nama Karoo vegetation.
≡ Haworthia scabrispina (M. B. Bayer) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia matjiesta Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. arachnoidea: Ros roundish, raised above ground-level; L with firm rigid brownish spines.

H. arachnoidea var. setata (Haworth) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 34, ills. (p. 35), 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Makrill s.n. [[lecto — icono]: K [drawing]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, W Eastern Cape: Little Karoo). I: Scott ( 1985: 69, as H. setata).
≡ Haworthia setata Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe setata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea ssp. setata (Haworth) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia setata var. major Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe setata var. major (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia setata var. media Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe setata var. media (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Aloe setosa Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia gigas Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia setata var. gigas (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. gigas (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia minima var. major Von Poellnitz (1938) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia tenera var. major (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia pectinis M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia tretyrensis var. pectinis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia tretyrensis Breuer (2003); incl. Haworthia angiras M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. angiras (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia cangoensis M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia kogmanensis M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia cangoensis var. kogmanensis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 35.1, 40.7); incl. Haworthia royalis M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia cangoensis var. royalis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 35.1, 40.7); incl. Haworthia candida M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Haworthia aranea var. candida (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. arachnoidea: Ros variable; L white-spined.

H. aristata Haworth (Suppl. Pl. Succ., 51, 1819). Type: K [lecto — icono]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation – Fig. 2.
≡ Aloe aristata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ( nom. illeg., ICN Art. 53.1); incl. Haworthia denticulata Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe denticulata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Aloe altilinea var. denticulata (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1842) ≡ Haworthia altilinea var. denticulata (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia lapis Breuer & M. Hayashi (2004); incl. Haworthia dura M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia rava M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia lapis var. rava (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferating slowly, to 6 cm ∅; L slender, erect, incurved, dark green, hardly translucent and faintly reticulated, margins and keel entire or minutely spined; Inf to 15 cm, lax; Fl 10–15, white.
Growing in close vicinity with H. cooperi at times, with occasional occurrence of intermediate plants (Bayer 2010b).

Fig. 2 – Haworthia aristata. (Bayer 7697b: N of Swartkop, Kaboega.) (Copyright: M. B. Bayer)

H. attenuata (Haworth) Haworth (Synops. Pl. Succ., 92, 1812). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Perry 660 [NBG 144 672]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).
≡ Aloe attenuata Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra attenuata (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia pumila ssp. attenuata (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis attenuata (Haworth) G. D. Rowley (2015).

H. attenuata var. attenuata — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 46); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 15–16, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia clariperla Haworth (1826) ≡ Aloe clariperla (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Aloe attenuata var. clariperla (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1836) ≡ Haworthia attenuata var. clariperla (Haworth) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia attenuata fa. clariperla (Haworth) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia fasciata var. caespitosa A. Berger (1908) ≡ Haworthia attenuata var. caespitosa (A. Berger) R. S. Farden (1939) ≡ Haworthia attenuata fa. caespitosa (A. Berger) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.4); incl. Haworthia britteniana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia attenuata var. britteniana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia attenuata fa. britteniana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1982); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. deltoidea R. S. Farden (1939); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. linearis R. S. Farden (1939); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. minissima R. S. Farden (1939); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. odonoghueana R. S. Farden (1939); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. inusitata R. S. Farden (1939) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1); incl. Haworthia attenuata var. uitewaaliana R. S. Farden (1939) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1).
[2] Ros stemless, proliferous, to 13 cm tall and 10 cm ∅; L to 13 × 1.5 cm, attenuate, spreading, lanceolate-deltoid, surfaces scabrid with distinct raised non-confluent tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, 24–28 cm, lax; Fl tube obcapitate, Tep revolute.

H. attenuata var. glabrata (Salm-Dyck) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 37, 2012). Type: [neo — icono]: Salm-Dyck, Monogr. Gen. Aloes & Mesembr. 3: Aloe t. 7 [sect. 6: 13], 1840. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: former Transkei); Eastern Valley Bushveld vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 50, as H. glabrata); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 17, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Aloe glabrata Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia glabrata (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthiopsis attenuata var. glabrata (Salm-Dyck) G. D. Rowley (2015).
[2] Differs from var. attenuata: L scabrid and more turgid.

H. attenuata var. radula (Jacquin) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 167, ill., 1999). Type: [lecto — icono]: Jacquin, Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: t. 422, 1804. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof); Gamtoos Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 56, as H. radula); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 18, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Aloe radula Jacquin (1804) ≡ Apicra radula (Jacquin) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia radula (Jacquin) Haworth (1812) ≡ Haworthia pumila ssp. radula (Jacquin) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis attenuata var. radula (Jacquin) G. D. Rowley (2015); incl. Haworthia radula var. pluriperlata Haworth (1821).
[2] Differs from var. attenuata: L with many minute crowded white tubercles.

H. bayeri J. D. Venter & S. A. Hammer (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 69(2): 75–76, ill., 1997). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Stayner s.n. in Karoo Garden 164/69 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
Incl. Haworthia uniondalensis hort. (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1); incl. Haworthia hayashii M. Hayashi ( 2002) ≡ Haworthia bayeri var. hayashii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia bayeri var. scabrifolia Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia indigoa M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia jadea M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia bayeri var. jadea (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia laeta M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia truterorum Breuer & Marx (2011) ≡ Haworthia indigoa var. truterorum (Breuer & Marx) Breuer (2016).
[1] Ros stemless, to 8 cm ∅; L 15–20, retuse, dark brownish-green to blackish-green, slightly scabrid, keels and margins with minute Sp or smooth, tip rounded and not pointed, the end-area opaque, cloudy-transparent, with sparse reticulate patterning or longitudinal lines; Inf to 30 cm; Fl 15–25.
Here belongs H. willowmorensis in the sense of Scott ( 1985). The recently described H. truterorum is provisionally synonymized here and appears to fall between H. bayeri and H. emelyae.

H. blackburniae W. F. Barker (J. South Afr. Bot. 3: 93, 1937). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Reynolds 1842 [NBG, BOL, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Succulent Karoo and Fynbos vegetations.
Incl. Haworthia blackburniana hort. (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 61.1).

H. blackburniae var. blackburniae — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: mountains of the C Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 6). R fusiform; Ros stemless, basally 1–1.5 cm ∅, clumping; L 10–15, erect, long, slender, to 40 cm × 3–5 mm, bright green to brownish-green or dark greyish-green, upper face channelled, margins glabrous or finely spined; Inf to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, white with green veins.

H. blackburniae var. derustensis M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 41, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Vlok s.n. in Venter 93/24 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Oudtshoorn Distr.).
≡ Haworthia derustensis (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia graminifolia var. derustensis (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. blackburniae: Ros robust, to 1.8 cm ∅; L very long, to 45 cm, to 3 mm broad, brownish-green at the base, green above.

H. blackburniae var. graminifolia (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 42, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 5222 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Swartberg Mts.). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 16, as H. graminifolia).
≡ Haworthia graminifolia G. G. Smith (1942) ≡ Haworthia blackburniae ssp. graminifolia (G. G. Smith) Halda (1997).
[1] Differs from var. blackburniae: L <3 mm broad, dark greyish-green.

H. bolusii Baker (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18(109): 215–216, 1880). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bolus 158 [K, BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape, S Free State); Nama Karoo vegetation.
≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. bolusii (Baker) Halda (1997).

H. bolusii var. blackbeardiana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (New Haworthia Handb., 31, 1982). Type: Cult. ( Anonymus s.n. [B]). — Lit: Zietsman & Smith ( 2010). Distr: RSA (interior of the Eastern Cape, S Free State). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 7b) – Fig. 3.
≡ Haworthia blackbeardiana Von Poellnitz (1933); incl. Haworthia inermis Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia altilinea var. inermis (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia altilinea fa. inermis (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. inermis (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia blackbeardiana var. major Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia batteniae C. L. Scott (1979) ≡ Haworthia cooperi ssp. batteniae (C. L. Scott) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia calaensis Breuer (2004) ≡ Haworthia blackbeardiana var. calaensis (Breuer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia specksii Breuer (2004) ≡ Haworthia blackbeardiana var. specksii (Breuer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia villosa M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia violacea M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia hogsia Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia malvina Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia speciosa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. bolusii: Ros generally larger, to 15 cm ∅; L with sparse Sp >2 mm.

Fig. 3 – Haworthia bolusii var. blackbeardiana. (Copyright: U. Eggli)

H. bolusii var. bolusii — Distr: RSA (interior of the Eastern Cape). I: Scott ( 1985: 72).
Incl. Haworthia odetteae Breuer (2003); incl. Haworthia odyssei M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia odetteae var. odyssei (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia capillaris M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia sapphaia M. Hayashi (2007).
[1] Ros 4–8 cm ∅, slowly proliferating; L oblong-lanceolate, incurved, translucent bluish-green, margins and keel with Sp >2 mm; Inf robust, to 30 cm; Fl broad and flat across the base of the tube.

H. bolusii var. pringlei (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 62, 2002). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Pringle s.n. in Scott 8970 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape). I: Scott ( 1994b: as H. pringlei).
≡ Haworthia pringlei C. L. Scott (1994) ≡ Haworthia decipiens var. pringlei (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia aquamarina M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia hastata M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia pringlei var. hastata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia hisui M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia cooperi var. hisui (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia lazulis M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7).
[1] Differs from var. bolusii: L ± lanceolate, incurved and erect to suberect, bright green, margins and keel with white Sp.

H. bruynsii M. B. Bayer (J. South Afr. Bot. 47: 789, 1981). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Rossouw 456 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Great Karoo); Nama Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 47); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 63, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia retusa var. bruynsii (M. B. Bayer) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis bruynsii (M. B. Bayer) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Ros stemless, solitary, to 6 cm ∅; L 5–11, 2–3 cm, brownish-green, with flat retuse end-area, opaque and slightly scabrid with small raised tubercles; Inf simple, slender; Fl distant, slender, tube obcapitate; Tep fused, tips revolute.

H. chloracantha Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 57, 1821). Type [lecto]: RSA, Western Cape ( Bowie s.n. [[lecto — icono]: K [drawing]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Aloe chloracantha (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829).

H. chloracantha var. chloracantha — Distr: RSA (Western Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 8a).
[1] Ros 2.5–4 cm ∅, proliferous; L 18–25, 0.5–1.5 cm long, erectly spreading, light green, faintly reticulate, firm to slightly scabrid, triangular in cross-section, margins and keel with translucent Sp to 0.3 mm; Inf lax, to 25 cm; Fl small.

H. chloracantha var. denticulifera (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 112, 1976). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Mosselbay). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 8b).
≡ Haworthia angustifolia var. denticulifera Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia denticulifera (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia angustifolia var. liliputana Uitewaal (1953).
[1] Differs from var. chloracantha: L 2.5–3.5 cm long, dark green.

H. chloracantha var. subglauca Von Poellnitz (Kakteenkunde 9: 135, 1937). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Hurling & Neil s.n. [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Mosselbay). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 8c).
≡ Haworthia subglauca (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. chloracantha: L bluish-green, Sp larger and sparser.

H. coarctata Haworth (Philos. Mag. J. 64: 301, 1824). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 7092 [NBG 68473]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Fynbos and thickets.
≡ Aloe coarctata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii ssp. coarctata (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. coarctata (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis coarctata (Haworth) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii var. coarctata (Haworth) Breuer (2016).

H. coarctata fa. greenii (Baker) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 172, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Cooper s.n. [K]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Grahamstown). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 48b, as var.).
≡ Haworthia greenii Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia coarctata var. greenii (Baker) M. B. Bayer (1973) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. greenii (Baker) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii var. greenii (Baker) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia peacockii Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia greenii fa. minor Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia greenii fa. bakeri Resende (1943) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1, 26.1).
[2] Differs from var. coarctata: L without tubercles.

H. coarctata var. adelaidensis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 172, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Armstrong s.n. [B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Grahamstown). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 48d, as ssp.); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 21, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. adelaidensis Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia coarctata ssp. adelaidensis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1973) ≡ Haworthia adelaidensis (Von Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis coarctata var. adelaidensis (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. riebeekensis G. G. Smith (1944); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. bellula G. G. Smith (1945) ≡ Haworthia coarctata fa. bellula (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983).
[2] Differs from var. coarctata: Ros smaller, stems to 15 cm, 3 cm ∅; L 3.2 × 1 cm.

H. coarctata var. coarctata — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 48a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 19–20, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia chalwinii Marloth & A. Berger (1906) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. chalwinii (Marloth & A. Berger) Resende (1943) ≡ Haworthia coarctata fa. chalwinii (Marloth & A. Berger) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia fallax Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. fallax (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. conspicua Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia coarctata fa. conspicua (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. pseudocoarctata Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia coarctata fa. pseudocoarctata (Von Poellnitz) Resende (1943) ≡ Haworthia greenii fa. pseudocoarctata (Von Poellnitz) Resende & Pinto-Lopes (1946); incl. Haworthia coarctata fa. major Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia coarctata var. kraussii Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia fulva G. G. Smith (1943); incl. Haworthia greenii var. silvicola G. G. Smith (1943); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. committeesensis G. G. Smith (1943); incl. Haworthia coarctata var. haworthii Resende (1943) ( nom. illeg., ICN Art. 52.1, 26.1); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. huntsdriftensis G. G. Smith (1944); incl. Haworthia musculina G. G. Smith (1948).
[2] Ros to 12 cm ∅, caulescent, proliferating; L numerous, to 7 × 2 cm, ratio stem diameter : leaf width = 1:1.7, erect-spreading or incurved, scabrid, both faces brownish-green, usually with rounded tubercles; Inf simple or occasionally compound, to 60 cm; Fl tube obcapitate; Tep revolute. Not always easily separated from H. reinwardtii and its forms. The ratio between stem diameter and leaf width is a good help.

H. coarctata var. tenuis (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Nation. Cact. Succ. J. 28: 80, 1973). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3420 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Alexandria). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 48c); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 22, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. tenuis G. G. Smith (1948) ≡ Haworthia tenuis (G. G. Smith) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis coarctata var. tenuis (G. G. Smith) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii var. tenuis (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016).
[2] Differs from var. coarctata: Ros with elongated narrow stems to 40 cm, 2.5 cm ∅; L 3.5 × 0.8 cm.

H. cooperi Baker (Refug. Bot. 4: t. 233 + text, 1871). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Cooper s.n. [K]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).

H. cooperi var. cooperi — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); mainly Fynbos, grassland and Albany Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 10a); Bayer ( 2010c).
Incl. Haworthia vittata Baker (1871); incl. Haworthia subularis M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia pallens Breuer & M. Hayashi (2004) ≡ Haworthia caerulea var. pallens (Breuer & M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia calva M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia venetia var. calva (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia cooperi var. cymbiformoides M. B. Bayer ( 2008) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b); incl. Haworthia elegans Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia foeda Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia turcosa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia yocans Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros to 12 cm ∅, often proliferous, stemless; L 20–40, fleshy, swollen, erect, oblong-lanceolate, quickly tapering, acuminate or truncate, bluish-green, slightly translucent, with veins usually reddening and leaves becoming purplish in exposed situations, marginal Sp <2 mm when present; Inf compact, firm, to 20 cm; Fl 20–30, closely arranged, white.

H. cooperi var. dielsiana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 51, ill., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( van der Merwe s.n. in Smith 1140 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Cookhouse); Great Fish Thicket vegetation. I: Scott ( 1995: as H. joeyae).
≡ Haworthia dielsiana Von Poellnitz (1930) ≡ Haworthia cooperi fa. dielsiana (Von Poellnitz) hort. (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1) ≡ Haworthia pilifera var. dielsiana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. dielsiana (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia joeyae C. L. Scott (1995).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: L obtuse, truncate, not acuminate, conspicuously veined.

H. cooperi var. doldii M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 65–66, ills. (p. 71), 2002). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Dold 3961 [GRA]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Tyolomnqa, Chalumna); Buffels Thicket vegetation.
≡ Haworthia doldii (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia tenera var. doldii (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia leightonii var. doldii Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1). Differs from var. cooperi: Ros small, to 4 cm ∅; L slender, erect, acuminate, margins and keel spinose.

H. cooperi var. gordoniana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 52, ills., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3028 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof); Groot Thicket vegetation.
≡ Haworthia gordoniana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia pilifera var. gordoniana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. gordoniana (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia harryi M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia jeffreis M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia venetia var. jeffreis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia ligulata M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia isabellae var. ligulata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia pusilla M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia picturata var. pusilla (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia venetia M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia brandea Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia cineraria Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia compressa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia gelatina Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia ionandra Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia neritica Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia silvicola Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia tomentosa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: Ros small, to 6 cm ∅; L erect, acuminate, not truncate.

H. cooperi var. gracilis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 64, 2002). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. photograph of the type collection]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation.
≡ Haworthia gracilis Von Poellnitz (1930) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. gracilis (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia bella M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia isabellae var. bella (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia caerulea M. Hayashi & Breuer (2005); incl. Haworthia teres M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia venetia var. teres (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: Ros proliferous; L 30–40, lanceolate-acuminate, incurved, pale greyish-green, upper face translucent between the veins, margins with sparse slender short spines. Here belongs H. translucens in the sense of Bayer ( 1976).

H. cooperi var. isabellae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 65, 2002). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Hall s.n. in NBG 68799 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof); Groot and Gamtoos Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 38a, as H. translucens).
≡ Haworthia isabellae Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia gracilis var. isabellae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia azurea M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia arabesqua M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia isabellae var. arabesqua (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia florens M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia transiens var. florens (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia pilosa M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia ciliata M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia pilosa var. ciliata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia bathylis M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia lachnosa M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Haworthia pilosa var. lachnosa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia cuprina Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia dasylis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia kromia Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia patriae M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: Ros more proliferous; L spreading, greyish-green, margins and keel finely and more densely spined.
The neotype listed above is formally designated here for Haworthia isabellae, but was previously already listed as such, though ineffectively under the ICN, in the first edition of this handbook.

H. cooperi var. leightonii (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 128, 1976). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 6938 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: between Chalumna and East London); Albany Coastal Belt vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 10b).
≡ Haworthia leightonii G. G. Smith (1950); incl. Haworthia leightonii var. davidii Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia davidii (Breuer) M. Hayashi & Breuer ex M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia sabita Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: Ros very proliferous; L lanceolate-acuminate.

H. cooperi var. picturata (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 65, 2002). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Thode 21507 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof); Groot Thicket vegetation.
≡ Haworthia gracilis var. picturata M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia picturata (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia oculata M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia florida Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia imperialis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia kubusie Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: L glabrous, bright green, translucent areas contrasting with the dark green opaque reticulation.

H. cooperi var. pilifera (Baker) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 54, ills., 1999). Type: [lecto — icono]: Refug. Bot. 4: t. 234, 1871. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Scott ( 1985: 105, as H. pilifera).
≡ Haworthia pilifera Baker (1871) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. pilifera (Baker) Uitewaal (1948) ≡ Haworthia cooperi fa. pilifera (Baker) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia stayneri Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia pilifera var. stayneri (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. stayneri (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia stayneri var. salina Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia pilifera var. salina (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia obtusa var. salina (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948) ≡ Haworthia salina (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2010); incl. Haworthia pilifera fa. acuminata Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia obtusa fa. acuminata (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia luri M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia sabrina Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: L obtusely acuminate, margins and keel acute, with small bristly hairs, tips becoming truncate, contracting and flattening as exposure to light increases.

H. cooperi var. tenera (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 65, 2002). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 5416 [NBG 115210]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Fish River Valley); Great Fish Noorsveld vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 38b, as H. translucens ssp. tenera).
≡ Haworthia tenera Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia translucens ssp. tenera (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea ssp. tenera (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. tenera (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia gracilis var. tenera (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia minima Baker (1880) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1); incl. Haworthia cummingii Breuer & M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia tenera var. cummingii (Breuer & M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia cooperi var. minima M. B. Bayer (2012) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5). Differs from var. cooperi: Ros smaller, more compact; L closely incurved.

H. cooperi var. truncata (H. Jacobsen) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 55, ill. (p. 56), 1999). Type: [neo — icono]: H. Jacobsen, Handb. Sukk. Pfl. 2: 724, Fig. 644, 1956. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Jacobsen ( 1960: 2: Fig. 756, as H. obtusa fa.).
≡ Haworthia obtusa fa. truncata H. Jacobsen (1955); incl. Haworthia ikra Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var cooperi: Ros very proliferous, to 7 cm ∅; L 20–25, 20–25 × 8 mm, pale blue-green, erect, truncate, translucent and lightly veined above.

H. cooperi var. venusta (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 56, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Britten 781 [GRA]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Alexandria); Albany Coastal Belt vegetation. I: Scott ( 1996: as H. venusta).
≡ Haworthia venusta C. L. Scott ( 1996) ≡ Haworthia salina var. venusta (C. L. Scott) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: L shortly pilose.

H. cooperi var. viridis (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 65, 2002). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 6867 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Winterhoek Mts.); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Haworthia gracilis var. viridis M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia hamata M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia subhamata M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia hamata var. subhamata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia velutina M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia swanea M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. cooperi: L with brighter green colouration.

H. cymbiformis (Haworth) Duval (Pl. Succ. Horto Alencon., 7, 1809). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 2844 [NBG 68015]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); often on cliffs in Albany Thicket and Eastern Valley Bushveld vegetations.
≡ Aloe cymbiformis Haworth (1804); incl. Aloe cymbaefolia Schrader (1807) ≡ Apicra cymbaefolia (Schrader) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia concava Haworth (1821); incl. Aloe hebes Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829).

H. cymbiformis var. cymbiformis — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 11a) – Fig. 4.
Incl. Haworthia planifolia Haworth (1825) ≡ Aloe planifolia (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis var. planifolia (Haworth) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis fa. planifolia (Haworth) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis fa. subarmata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis subvar. subarmata (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1982) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. angustata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia angustata (Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. compacta Triebner (1938) ≡ Haworthia compacta (Triebner) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia planifolia fa. agavoides Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia fa. alta Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia fa. calochlora Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia fa. olivacea Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia fa. robusta Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia subvar. agavoides Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia var. exulata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia var. incrassata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia var. longifolia Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia var. sublaevis Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia planifolia var. poellnitziana Resende (1940); incl. Haworthia lepida G. G. Smith (1944) ≡ Haworthia batesiana var. lepida (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia emeralda M. Hayashi (2005); incl. Haworthia cana Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia ingens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia plena Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia rosea Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a)
[1] Ros to 13 cm ∅, usually stemless, proliferous; L broadly ovate to lanceolate, flat to slightly concave, generally <1/3 as thick as wide, usually opaque, green turning yellowish or developing a pink hue in full sun; Inf to 25 cm, lax; Fl 10–15, white.

Fig. 4 – Haworthia cymbiformis var. cymbiformis. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. cymbiformis var. incurvula (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 124, 1976). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Britten s.n. [BOL 71307]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: E Grahamstown); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 11c).
≡ Haworthia incurvula Von Poellnitz (1933).
[1] Differs from var. cymbiformis: Ros smaller, to 5 cm ∅; L narrow, acuminate, incurved, tip obtuse.

H. cymbiformis var. obtusa (Haworth) Baker (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18(109): 209, 1880). Type: K [lecto — icono, publ. Succulenta 1948: 49]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Fort Beaufort); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 11e, as H. umbraticola).
≡ Haworthia obtusa Haworth (1825); incl. Haworthia hilliana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia umbraticola var. hilliana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia umbraticola Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis var. umbraticola (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia blinkia Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cymbiformis: Ros proliferous, not contracting into the soil; L obtuse, venation subdued.

H. cymbiformis var. ramosa (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 60, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3168 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Peddie); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 11b, as fa.).
≡ Haworthia ramosa G. G. Smith (1940) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis fa. ramosa (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1976).
[1] Differs from var. cymbiformis: Ros developing long leafy stems.

H. cymbiformis var. setulifera (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 62, ills., 1999). Type [lecto]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Anonymus s.n. in Stellenbosch Univ. Garden 3332 [[lecto — icono]: Kakteenkunde 1938: 54]). — Distr: RSA (SE Eastern Cape); Eastern Valley Bushveld vegetation.
≡ Haworthia planifolia var. setulifera Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia setulifera (Von Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. obesa Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis fa. obesa (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia obesa (Von Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthia umbraticola var. obesa (Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia sarcoidea Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. cymbiformis: L deltoid, margins spiny.

H. decipiens Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 103, 1930). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Fourcade 4637 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape: S Karoo); mainly Nama Karoo vegetation.

H. decipiens var. cyanea M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 65, ills. (pp. 65–66), 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bayer 4180 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape).
≡ Haworthia cyanea (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia amethysta M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia cyanea var. amethysta (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia caesia M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia succinea M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia cyanea var. succinea (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia ianthina M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia cyanea var. ianthina (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia virginea Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. decipiens: Ros smaller with more L; L slender, incurving, bluish-green.

H. decipiens var. decipiens — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape: S Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 12).
Incl. Haworthia exilis M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia decipiens var. exilis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia decipiens var. scottiana M. Hayashi (2003) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia incrassa M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia decipiens var. incrassa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia studis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia tooris Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, slowly proliferous, to 20 cm ∅; L ascending, broadly ovate, sometimes acuminate, relatively thin, bright green, marginal Sp sparse but broad at their base; Inf robust, to 40 cm; Fl numerous, densely arranged, broad and flat across the upper base of the tube.

H. decipiens var. minor M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 66, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3588 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).
≡ Haworthia gracilis var. minor (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2003) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia tenmari Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. decipiens: Ros smaller, to 6 cm ∅; L broad, incurved, light green.

H. decipiens var. virella M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 63–64, ills. (p. 66–70), 2002). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bayer 2070 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).
≡ Haworthia virella (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia crinita M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. crinita (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia eminens M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. eminens (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia floccosa M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia bolusii var. floccosa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia kemari M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia mollis M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. mollis (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia regalis M. Hayashi (2003); incl. Haworthia regina M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. regina (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia jansenvillensis Breuer (2004); incl. Haworthia fluffa M. Hayashi (2005) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. fluffa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia pellucida M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia delicata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia ionides Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia lanceata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia stewarta Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a). Differs from var. decipiens: L brighter green.

H. decipiens var. xiphiophylla (Baker) M. B. Bayer (Haworthiad 16(2): 63, 2002). Incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4. Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Howlett s.n. [K]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 44, as H. xiphiophylla).
≡ Haworthia xiphiophylla Baker (1896) ≡ Haworthia setata var. xiphiophylla (Baker) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. xiphiophylla (Baker) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia longiaristata Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia flavida M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthia jansenvillensis var. flavida (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4 Ex. 10); incl. Haworthia auraria Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia kammaensis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).Differs from var. decipiens: L bright green, long, slender, with broad but short marginal Sp.

Editorial note [U. Eggli]: H. xiphiophylla has priority over H. decipiens at species rank, which makes H. decipiens var. xiphiophylla incorrect, but the name is preferably used here because it illustrates that var. xiphiophylla is part of a far greater H. decipiens alliance (Bayer 2013a).

H. emelyae Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 42: 271, 1937). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Lit: Marx ( 2016a). Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape); Fynbos and Succulent Karoo vegetations.
≡ Haworthia retusa ssp. emelyae (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. emelyae (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997).

H. emelyae var. comptoniana (G. G. Smith) J. D. Venter & S. A. Hammer (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 69(2): 77, 1997). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Malherbe s.n. in Smith 3433 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: E Little Karoo); Willowmore Gwarrieveld vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 9, as H. comptoniana) – Fig. 5.
≡ Haworthia comptoniana G. G. Smith (1945) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. comptoniana (G. G. Smith) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia picta var. comptoniana (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia comptoniana fa. brevifolia Hort. Sheilam (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1); incl. Haworthia comptoniana fa. major Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. emelyae: Ros to 12 cm ∅; upper face of L smooth and markedly reticulate.

Fig. 5 – Haworthia emelyae var. comptoniana. (Copyright: U. Eggli)

H. emelyae var. emelyae — Lit: Marx ( 2009a). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); Fynbos and Succulent Karoo vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 14a); Marx ( 2014a).
Incl. Haworthia blackburniae Von Poellnitz (1937) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1); incl. Haworthia correcta Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia picta Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia breueri M. Hayashi ( 2002) ≡ Haworthia multifolia var. breueri (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia correcta var. lucida M. Hayashi ( 2002); incl. Haworthia multifolia var. sandkraalensis Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia picta var. janvlokii Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia janvlokii (Breuer) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia picta var. tricolor Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia tricolor (Breuer) M. Hayashi (2010).
[1] Ros to 10 cm ∅, rarely proliferous; L 15–20, distinctly retuse, pointed, barely translucent, dark green, with scattered elongate small flecks, with obscure raised tubercles, sometimes with lines and with reddish-brown hue; Inf to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, white.

H. emelyae var. major (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Aloe 34(1–2): 6, 1997). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 5370 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: S Little Karoo); Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22c, as H. magnifica var.).
≡ Haworthia schuldtiana var. major G. G. Smith (1946) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. major (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. major (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (1977) ≡ Haworthia multifolia var. major (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia wimii M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. emelyae: L acuminate, tubercles with an apical Sp.

H. emelyae var. multifolia M. B. Bayer (Nation. Cact. Succ. J. 34(2): 28–31, ills., 1979). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 1558 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: S Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 14b).
≡ Haworthia multifolia (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. emelyae: L 25–30, erect.

H. fasciata (Willdenow) Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 54, 1821). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Stayner s.n. [NBG 110 360]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); naturalized in Spain. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 49a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 22–23, as Haworthiopsis) – Fig. 6.
≡ Apicra fasciata Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Aloe fasciata (Willdenow) Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia pumila ssp. fasciata (Willdenow) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis fasciata (Willdenow) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Aloe fasciata var. major Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia fasciata var. major (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia fasciata fa. major (Salm-Dyck) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Aloe fasciata var. minor Salm-Dyck (1834); incl. Haworthia browniana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia fasciata fa. browniana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia fasciata var. browniana (Von Poellnitz) C. L. Scott ( 1985) ≡ Haworthiopsis fasciata var. browniana (Von Poellnitz) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); incl. Haworthia fasciata var. subconfluens Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia fasciata fa. subconfluens (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia fasciata fa. ovato-lanceolata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia fasciata fa. sparsa Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia fasciata fa. vanstaadensis Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia fasciata fa. variabilis Von Poellnitz (1938).
[2] Ros to 15 cm ∅ and 18 cm tall, stemless, proliferating; L 60–80, erect, to 6 × 1.5 cm, incurved, scabrid, with white tubercles on the lower face only; Inf simple or occasionally compound, to 30 cm; Fl tube obcapitate, curved; Tep tips revolute.

The species is used as a talisman by the Xhosa (similar to the use of H. limifolia by the Zulu), and the occurrence of H. fasciata in S and N KwaZulu-Natal is anthropogenic (Bayer 2010d).

Guillot & Laguna Lumbreras ( 2012) report the species as locally naturalized in Valencia Province, Spain. Gildenhuys ( 2017: 24, with ill, as Haworthiopsis) also accepts H. fasciata var. browniana because a small population is located outside the distribution area of var. fasciata.

Fig. 6 – Haworthia fasciata. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. floribunda Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 40: 149, 1936). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. floribunda (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997).

H. floribunda var. dentata M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 73, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Dekenah 90 in Smith 5502 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp and Riversdale Distr.); Silcrete Renosterveld vegetation (Fynbos).
≡ Haworthia dentata (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia parksiana var. dentata (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. floribunda: Ros to 4 cm ∅; L very dark green, slightly scabrid, margins spiny.

H. floribunda var. floribunda — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp Distr.). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 15); Scott ( 1985: 58).
Incl. Haworthia henda Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, to 3 cm ∅, slowly proliferating; L 20–30, ovate-lanceolate, spreading, twisted with flattened rounded tip, dark green, opaque, glabrous, margins scabrid to dentate; Inf to 25 cm; Fl 10–15, greenish-white, few open together.

H. floribunda var. major M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 74, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( De Kok s.n. [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp Distr.); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Haworthia kondoi M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. floribunda: Plants more robust (esp. in cultivation); L very green with darker colouration at the basal margins, relatively glabrous.

H. glauca Baker (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18(109): 203, 1880). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Cooper s.n. [K]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii ssp. glauca (Baker) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. glauca (Baker) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis glauca (Baker) G. D. Rowley (2013).

H. glauca var. glauca — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Zuurberg Mts.); Fynbos and Albany Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 51a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 25–26, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia carrissoi Resende (1941).
[2] Ros to 8 cm ∅, caulescent, proliferating; L numerous, to 6 × 1.5 cm, erectly spreading or incurved, scabrid, glaucous grey-green, surfaces without tubercles; Inf simple or occasionally compound, to 30 cm; Fl tube obcapitate, curved; Tep revolute.

H. glauca var. herrei (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 122, 1976). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Barker 5069 [NBG 68132]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Little Karoo); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 51b).
≡ Haworthia herrei Von Poellnitz (1929) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. herrei (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis glauca var. herrei (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia herrei var. depauperata Von Poellnitz (1933); incl. Haworthia armstrongii Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia glauca fa. armstrongii (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia eilyae Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia jacobseniana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia glauca fa. jacobseniana (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia jonesiae Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia glauca fa. jonesiae (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia herrei var. poellnitzii Resende (1941) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1, 26.1); incl. Haworthia eilyae var. zantneriana Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia eilyae var. poellnitziana Resende (1943) ( nom. illeg., ICN Art. 52.1, 26.1).
[2] Differs from var. glauca: L lanceolate, spreading, tuberculate.

H. granulata Marloth (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 2: 39, 1910). Type: RSA, Northern Cape ( Marloth 4217 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (S Northern Cape, Western Cape): Tanqua Karoo and W Little Karoo, in Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 61b, as H. venosa ssp.); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 42–43, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia venosa ssp. granulata (Marloth) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia scabra ssp. granulata (Marloth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis granulata (Marloth) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis venosa var. granulata (Marloth) G. D. Rowley (2013) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.2); incl. Haworthia schoemanii M. Hayashi (2003) ≡ Haworthiopsis granulata var. schoemanii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[2] Ros caulescent, to 15 cm, slowly proliferating; L 12–20, to 10 × 1.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, suberect to erect, more scabrid than in H. tessellata; Inf sparsely branched, lax, to 35 cm; Fl 15–20, tube obcapitate; ITep revolute.
Closely similar to (and previously treated as variety of) H. venosa, but species rank is warranted due to the completely allopatric occurrences of the two taxa. H. granulata differs in its roughish leaves and a tendency to develop a short stem with age.

H. grenieri Breuer (Alsterworthia Int. 17(3): 14, ills. (pp. 17–21), 2017). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Marx 793 [GRA]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: N & W Little Karoo); in Fynbos vegetation among quartzitic sandstone rocks, flowers in autumn.
[1] Ros acaulescent, 1–2 cm ∅; L 40–52, to 15 × 2–3 mm, 3- to 4-angled, surface dark green, tessellate, tip with inward-curving awn, margin and keels ciliate; Inf simple, solitary or sometimes 2, 10–15 cm, 2- to 4-flowered, peduncle ±1 mm ∅; Fl similar to those of H. monticola.

The flowers show close similarity to those of H. monticola and H. zantneriana. — [E. Van Jaarsveld]

H. herbacea (Miller) Stearn (Cact. J. (Croydon) 7: 40, 1938). Type: [lecto — icono]: Boerhaave, Ind. Alter Hort. Lugd.-Bat., 2: t. ad p. 131, 1720. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Aloe herbacea Miller (1768); incl. Aloe pumila var. ε Linné (1753); incl. Catevala atroviridis Medikus (1786) ≡ Haworthia atroviridis (Medikus) M. Hayashi (2007); incl. Aloe arachnoidea var. pumila Aiton (1789) ≡ Aloe pumila (Aiton) Haworth (1804) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1) ≡ Haworthia pumila (Aiton) Duval (1809); incl. Aloe arachnoidea var. pumila Willdenow (1799) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1); incl. Aloe atrovirens De Candolle (1799) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1) ≡ Apicra atrovirens (De Candolle) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia atrovirens (De Candolle) Haworth (1821) ( nom. illeg., Art. 52.1); incl. Aloe bradlyana Jacquin (1804); incl. Aloe translucens Haworth (1804) ≡ Aloe arachnoidea var. translucens (Haworth) Ker Gawler (1811) ≡ Apicra translucens (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ≡ Haworthia translucens (Haworth) Haworth (1819) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. translucens (Haworth) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia pellucens Haworth (1812) ≡ Aloe arachnoidea var. pellucens (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1817); incl. Aloe papillosa Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia papillosa (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819); incl. Haworthia pallida Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe pallida (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia papillosa var. semipapillosa Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe papillosa var. semipapillosa (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia aegrota Von Poellnitz (1939); incl. Haworthia luteorosea Uitewaal (1939); incl. Haworthia submaculata Von Poellnitz (1939).

Here belongs H. arachnoidea in the sense of Scott ( 1977) and Scott ( 1985).

H. herbacea var. flaccida M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 86, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bruyns 7114 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo).
≡ Haworthia pallida var. flaccida (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia flaccida (M. B. Bayer) Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. herbacea: Ros small and delicate.

H. herbacea var. herbacea — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 19) – Fig. 7.[1]
Ros stemless, proliferating, to 8 cm ∅; L erect, incurved, ovate-lanceolate, to 6 × 1 cm, greenish-yellow, with reticulate pattern with translucent areas between the veins, scabrid, margins and keel with firm spines; Inf to 30 cm; Fl 30–40, large, beige with pinkish tips, buds with an S-bend.

Fig. 7 – Haworthia herbacea var. herbacea. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. herbacea var. lupula M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 86, ills. (pp. 86–87), 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Esterhuysen s.n. [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo).
≡ Haworthia lupula (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. herbacea: L broader, shorter, finely flecked, less scabrid; Fl larger, pink.

H. herbacea var. paynei (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 87, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Payne s.n. [B [lecto, unpubl. ill.]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo).
≡ Haworthia paynei Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia pallida var. paynei (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1937).
[1] Differs from typical H. herbacea: Plants small-sized; Fl bicoloured, pink above and white below.

H. kingiana Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 203, 1937). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Dekenah 201 [NBG 68719]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2010f); Molteno & Smith ( 2017). Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 64).
≡ Haworthia subfasciata var. kingiana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia pumila var. kingiana (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Tulista kingiana (Von Poellnitz) Gideon F. Smith & Molteno (2017); incl. Haworthia zenigata M. Hayashi (2001) ≡ Tulista opalina var. zenigata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[3] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 18 cm tall; L to 16 × 1.8 cm, nearly as thick as wide, yellowish-green, lanceolate-deltoid, attenuate, spreading, surfaces scabrid with raised rounded non-confluent tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, lax; Fl 30–40, tube obcapitate; Tep lobes short, veins pinkish.

Molteno & Smith ( 2017: as Tulista) describe the variability and distribution of the taxon, and also discuss a population that includes both tubercle-leaved and smooth-leaved plants.

H. koelmaniorum Obermeyer & D. S. Hardy (Flow. Pl. Afr. 1967: t. 1502 + text, 1967). Type: RSA, Mpumalanga ( Hardy & Mauve 2267 [PRE]). — Lit: Bosch ( 2004); Craib ( 2007. ). Distr: RSA (Mpumalanga).
≡ Haworthia limifolia ssp. koelmaniorum (Obermeyer & D. S. Hardy) Halda (1997) ≡ Tulista koelmaniorum (Obermeyer & D. S. Hardy) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis koelmaniorum (Obermeyer & D. S. Hardy) Boatwright & J. C. Manning (2014).

Bosch ( 2004) studied the overall variability of the two varieties and concludes that they merely represent ecotypes determined by the geology of the substrate. Craib ( 2007) also found overlap in characters and distribution area between the two varieties. The species is adapted to grass fires in rocky areas. Recruitment is slow, as flowering/fruiting probably only occur in one to two out of 10 years, and seedlings are vulnerable as long as the leaves are not flush with the surrounding ground (Craib 2007).

H. koelmaniorum var. koelmaniorum — Distr: RSA (Mpumalanga); savanna. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 52); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 36–37, as Haworthiopsis).
[2] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, 5–7 cm ∅; L 14–20, ovate, 7 × 2 cm, dark brownish-green, opaque, somewhat recurved, scabrid with small raised tubercles, margins and keel with small Sp; Inf slender, to 35 cm; Fl 10–15, slender, Tep tips revolute.

H. koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 181, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Mpumlanga ( McMurtry 5247 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Mpumlanaga); Loskop Mountain Bushveld vegetation. I: Scott ( 1985: 141, as H. mcmurtryi); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 37–38, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia mcmurtryi C. L. Scott (1984) ≡ Tulista koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi (C. L. Scott) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis mcmurtryi (C. L. Scott) Zonneveld (2014) ≡ Haworthiopsis koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi (C. L. Scott) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); incl. Haworthia macmurtryi hort. (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 61.1).
[2] Differs from var. koelmaniorum: Ros smaller, 4–5 cm ∅; L with more prominent surface markings.

This variety is only known from two populations in the Highveld on red rhyolite of the Selons River formation. In one of the study populations, 84% of the almost 1300 plants counted were adults, 12% juveniles, and 4% seedlings (Biko’o & al. 2011).

H. limifolia Marloth (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 409, 1908). Type: RSA ( Marloth 4678 [PRE]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2003a). Distr: S Moçambique, Swaziland, RSA (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal); savanna.
≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia (Marloth) G. D. Rowley (2013).
Used as a talisman by the Zulu under the name of “umathithibala” (= creator of harmony) (Bayer 2010d) and by the Swasi under the name “indvololwane”. The species is also used in traditional medicine as blood purifier and against coughs, sun burns and skin diseases.Coopoosamy & Naidoo ( 2011) found evidence that leaf extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties.

H. limifolia var. arcana Gideon F. Smith & N. Crouch (Bradleya 19: 118–119, ills., 2001). Type: RSA, Mpumalanga ( Crouch & Smith 7 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Mpumalanga); Swaziland Sour Bushveld vegetation. I: Gildenhuys ( 2017: 40, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia arcana (Gideon F. Smith & N. Crouch) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia var. arcana (Gideon F. Smith & N. Crouch) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. limifolia: L with fewer transverse ridges, olive in colour.

H. limifolia var. gigantea M. B. Bayer (J. South Afr. Bot. 28: 215–216, 1962). Type: RSA, KwaZulu-Natal ( Bayer 112 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Mpumalanga, N KwaZulu-Natal). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 53b); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 40, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia gigantea (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia var. gigantea (M. B. Bayer) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. limifolia: Ros larger, to 20 cm ∅; L to 13 × 5 cm, finely tuberculate, often with white tubercles or tubercular striations.

H. limifolia var. glaucophylla M. B. Bayer (Aloe 40(2): 50, ills. (pp. 44, 49), 2003). Type: RSA, Mpumalanga ( Venter 13700 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Mpumalanga); savanna. I: Gildenhuys ( 2017: 40–41, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia glaucophylla (M. B. Bayer) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia var. glaucophylla (M. B. Bayer) G. D. Rowley (2013). Differs from var. limifolia: L slightly broader, paler green.

H. limifolia var. limifolia — Distr: S Moçambique, Swaziland, RSA (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal); savanna. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 53a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 39, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. variegata Hort. Huntington (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. diploidea Resende (1940); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. schuldtiana Resende (1940) ≡ Haworthia limifolia var. schuldtiana (Resende) Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. tetraploidea Resende (1940); incl. Haworthia limifolia var. diploidea Resende (1940); incl. Haworthia limifolia var. tetraploidea Resende (1940); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. marlothiana Resende (1941) ≡ Haworthia limifolia var. marlothiana (Resende) Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. major Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia limifolia fa. pimentelii Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia limifolia var. stolonifera Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia limifolia var. keithii G. G. Smith (1950) ≡ Haworthia keithii (G. G. Smith) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia limifolia var. striata Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.1) ≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia var. striata (Pilbeam) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.1); incl. Haworthia striata M. Hayashi (2000) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia gideonii Breuer (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[2] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, with or without stolons, 5–7 cm ∅; L 12–30, ovate-lanceolate, to 6 × 2 cm, spreading, light to very dark green and even brownish-green, opaque, scabrid with white or concolorous tubercles or with confluent transverse ridges, margins and keel scabrid; Inf slender, to 35 cm; Fl 15–20, slender, Tep tips revolute.

H. limifolia var. ubomboensis (I. Verdoorn) G. G. Smith (J. South Afr. Bot. 16: 4, 1950). Type: Swaziland ( Keith s.n. [PRE]). — Distr: E Swaziland; savanna. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 53c); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 41, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia ubomboensis I. Verdoorn (1941) ≡ Haworthiopsis limifolia var. ubomboensis (I. Verdoorn) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. limifolia: L bright green, glabrous.

H. lockwoodii Archibald (Flow. Pl. South Afr. 20: t. 792 + text, 1940). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Lockwood Hill 215 [GRA]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: SW Great Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 20).
≡ Haworthia mucronata ssp. lockwoodii (Archibald) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia inconfluens var. lockwoodii (Archibald) Breuer (2016) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4).
[1] Ros stemless, to 10 cm ∅, slowly proliferating, withdrawn into the soil in habitat; L many, ovate, 7 × 2 cm, incurved, smooth, usually spineless and dying back at the tips, pale green, translucent towards the tips; Inf robust; Fl numerous, large, appressed to the inflorescence axis, broad across and flat at the base of the tube.

H. longiana Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 203–204, 1937). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 54); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 28, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia pumila ssp. longiana (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis longiana (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia longiana var. albinota G. G. Smith (1948).
[2] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 30 cm tall and 6 cm ∅; L to 30 × 2 cm, narrowly long attenuate, erect, incurving, surfaces minutely scabrid with small indistinctly raised tubercles (occasionally with small white tubercles); Inf sparsely branched, lax; Fl tube obcapitate, curved; ITep tips revolute.

H. maculata (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 130, 1976). Type [lecto]: RSA, Western Cape ( Venter 6 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Haworthia schuldtiana var. maculata Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia intermedia var. maculata (Von Poellnitz) J. Esterhuizen (2003).

H. maculata var. livida (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Nomenclator, 10, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 1128 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Robertson Karoo: S of Worcester).
≡ Haworthia pubescens var. livida M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. livida (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia intermedia var. livida (M. B. Bayer) J. Esterhuizen (2003); incl. Haworthia livida Breuer ( 2011) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a, 41.5).
[1] Differs from var. maculata: Ros smaller; L less spotted.

H. maculata var. maculata — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 21).
Incl. Haworthia audens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, to 8 cm ∅; L numerous, ovate-lanceolate, 6 × 1 cm, suberect to spreading, purplish-green, spotted with colourless dots, margins and keel with short spines; Inf slender; Fl 15–20, only a few open together, white with yellowish throat and green veins.

H. × mantelii Uitewaal (Succulenta 1947(4): 37–38, ill., 1947). Type: not typified.
This is the garden hybrid H. truncata × H. cuspidata according to the protologue. H. cuspidata is treated as unresolved name here. The often asymmetrical rosettes with truncate leaves clearly show the influence of H. truncata as one parent. — [U. Eggli]

H. margaritifera (Linné) Haworth (Suppl. Pl. Succ., 55, 1819). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Horti Med. Amstelod. 2: t. 10, 1701. — Lit: Scott ( 2011: as H. maxima). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo, W Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 68, as H. pumila).
≡ Aloe pumila var. margaritifera Linné (1753) ≡ Aloe margaritifera (Linné) Miller (1768) ≡ Apicra margaritifera (Linné) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Tulista margaritifera (Linné) Rafinesque (1840); incl. Aloe margaritifera var. maxima Haworth (1804); ≡ Aloe pumila var. margaritifera Linné (1753); incl. Aloe margaritifera var. maxima Haworth (1804) ≡ Haworthia maxima (Haworth) Duval (1809) ≡ Apicra margaritifera var. maxima (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Aloe semimargaritifera var. maxima (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia semimargaritifera var. maxima (Haworth) Haworth (1819) ≡ Apicra maxima (Haworth) Steudel (1821) ( incorrect name, Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. maxima (Haworth) A. Berger (1908) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. maxima (Haworth) Uitewaal (1947); incl. Aloe pumila Linné (1753) ≡ Tulista pumila (Linné) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Aloe pumila Burman fil. (1768) ( nom. illeg., Art. 53.1); incl. Aloe semimargaritifera Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia semimargaritifera (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. semimargaritifera (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia ao-onii M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia ohkuwae M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Tulista pumila var. ohkuwae (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia sparsa M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Tulista pumila var. sparsa (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[3] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 25 cm tall; L 14 × 2 cm, almost as thick as wide, lanceolate-deltoid, attenuate, spreading, brownish-green to olive-green, surfaces scabrid with raised rounded non-confluent tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, lax, to 60 cm; Fl tube straight; Tep short, veins brownish-green.

Editorial comment [U. Eggli]: The nomenclatural status of this name was differently interpreted over the course of time. In the first edition of this handbook, this species is covered as H. maxima, while Bayer & Manning ( 2012a) and Bayer & Manning ( 2012b) used the name H. pumila, following its usage by Scott ( 1985), who followed advice by L. E. Codd. While the oldest name for this taxon is Aloe pumila Linné 1753, it unfortunately cannot be transferred to Haworthia for purely nomenclatural reasons because of the name H. pumila (Aiton) Haworth 1804, based on Aloe arachnoidea var. pumila Aiton 1789, which is a different taxon that is treated as a synonym of Haworthia herbacea (Miller) Stearn 1938 (Manning 2013). H. margaritifera is based on one of Linné’s varieties of his A. pumila, and has the same type as A. pumila (Jarvis 2007).

Bayer ( 2010e) reports (under H. pumila) a casual find of a natural hybrid with Astroloba muricata/congregata (= ×Astroworthia skinneri).

H. marginata (Lamarck) Stearn (Cact. J. (Croydon) 7(2): 39, 1938). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Praeludia Bot., t. 30, 1703. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Heidelberg); Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 65).
≡ Aloe marginata Lamarck (1783) ≡ Tulista marginata (Lamarck) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Aloe albicans Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra albicans (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia albicans (Haworth) Haworth (1812); incl. Haworthia laevis Haworth (1821) ≡ Haworthia marginata var. laevis (Haworth) H. Jacobsen (1955); incl. Haworthia ramifera Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe ramifera (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia marginata var. ramifera (Haworth) H. Jacobsen (1955); incl. Haworthia virescens Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe virescens (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia albicans var. virescens (Haworth) Baker (1896) ≡ Haworthia marginata var. virescens (Haworth) Uitewaal (1939); incl. Haworthia virescens var. minor Haworth (1821).
[3] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 20 cm tall; L 50–60, to 18 × 2 cm, lanceolate-deltoid, attenuate, spreading, pale brownish-green, smooth without tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, lax; Fl tube straight; Tep short, veins pinkish.

Bayer ( 2007b) and Bayer ( 2012c) and Marx ( 2016b) present evidence for hybridization with H. minima (see there for more information).

H. marumiana Uitewaal (Cact. Vetpl. (Amsterdam) 9: 20, 1940). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Anonymus s.n. in SUG 6610 [AMD]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape: Great Karoo); Nama Karoo biome.
≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. marumiana (Uitewaal) Halda (1997).

H. marumiana var. archeri (W. F. Barker ex M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 104, ills. (pp. 104–105), 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Archer s.n. [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: SW Great Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 4a, as H. archeri).
≡ Haworthia archeri W. F. Barker ex M. B. Bayer (1981); incl. Haworthia archeri var. archeri; incl. Haworthia chibita Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia fraseri Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia nudata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. marumiana: Ros small, to 6 cm ∅; L brownish-green.

H. marumiana var. batesiana (Uitewaal) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 105, ill. (p. 106), 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Ferguson s.n. [AMD]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape); often on cliffs. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 5, as H. batesiana).
≡ Haworthia batesiana Uitewaal (1948) ≡ Haworthia reticulata ssp. batesiana (Uitewaal) Halda (1997).
[1] Differs from var. marumiana: Ros smaller, to 5 cm ∅; L smooth, bright green with pale reticulation.

H. marumiana var. dimorpha (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 106, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 2092 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: S Great Karoo, Touws River).
≡ Haworthia archeri var. dimorpha M. B. Bayer (1981) ≡ Haworthia dimorpha (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. marumiana: Ros to 12 cm ∅; L to 25, curving outwards (in cultivation).

H. marumiana var. marumiana — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Great Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 23).
Incl. Haworthia borealis M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia marmorata M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Haworthia marumiana var. marmorata (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia tarkasia M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia euchlora Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, very proliferous, to 7 cm ∅; L erect, incurved, ± soft, purplish-green, opaque, with reticulate pattern, margins and keel with spines; Inf to 20 cm; Fl smallish, white.

H. marumiana var. reddii (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 34, 2012). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Scott 8968 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (interior of Eastern Cape). I: Scott ( 1994a: as H. reddii).
≡ Haworthia reddii C. L. Scott (1994) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis var. reddii (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia batesiana var. reddii (C. L. Scott) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia fatreddii Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. marumiana: L subdeltoid, surface with reticulate pattern.

H. marumiana var. viridis M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 107, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 3620 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: S Karoo).
Incl. Haworthia viridis Breuer ( 2011) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a, 40.6).
[1] Differs from var. marumiana: L light green, narrow, more erect.

H. marxii Gildenhuys (Aloe 44(1): 4–5, ills., 2007). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Marx 605 [GRA]). — Lit: Marx ( 2008b). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: S of Laingsburg); Succulent Karoo vegetation, summer-flowering.
[1] Ros to 10 cm ∅, stemless, solitary, slow-growing; L 15–18, dark blue-grey to purplish-black, young semi-erect, later recurved and becoming flattish, retuse, with an acuminate tip, end-area 2 × 2 cm, with 5–11 longitudinal silvery-white lines and small scattered flecks; Inf to 60 cm, unbranched, with up to 23 flowers; Fl to 15 mm, with straight tube; Tep tips only slightly recurving.

H. minima (Aiton) Haworth (Synops. Pl. Succ., 92, 1812). Type: [lecto — icono]: Dillenius, Hort. Eltham., t. 16: f. 18, 1732. — Lit: Bayer ( 2010f). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Swellendam to Mosselbay); mainly in Fynbos, Albany Thicket and Succulent Karoo vegetations.
≡ Aloe margaritifera var. minima Aiton (1789) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. minima (Aiton) Uitewaal (1947) ≡ Haworthia pumila ssp. minima (Aiton) Halda (1997) ≡ Tulista minima (Aiton) Boatwright & J. C. Manning (2014); incl. Aloe pumila var. β Linné (1753); incl. Aloe pumila var. γ Linné (1753); incl. Aloe margaritifera var. major Aiton (1789) ≡ Haworthia major (Aiton) Duval (1809) ≡ Apicra margaritifera var. major (Aiton) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Aloe margaritifera var. minor Aiton (1789) ≡ Haworthia minor (Aiton) Duval (1809) ≡ Apicra minor (Aiton) Steudel (1821) ( incorrect name, Art. 11.4) ≡ Aloe minor (Aiton) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. minor (Aiton) Uitewaal (1947); incl. Aloe margaritifera var. media De Candolle (1799); incl. Apicra granata Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia granata (Willdenow) Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe granata (Willdenow) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. granata (Willdenow) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia brevis Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe brevis (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia erecta Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe erecta (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1829) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera var. erecta (Haworth) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia granata var. polyphylla Haworth (1821) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. polyphylla (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Aloe erecta var. laetivirens Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. laetivirens (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); incl. Aloe granata var. major Salm-Dyck (1834); incl. Aloe granata var. minor Salm-Dyck (1834) ≡ Haworthia margaritifera subvar. minor (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger (1908); incl. Haworthia margaritifera var. corallina Hort. Peacock ex Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia mutabilis Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia mortonii Breuer (2007) ≡ Tulista marginata var. mortonii (Breuer) Breuer (2016).

The names H. major and H. minor both date from 1809 at species rank and would have nomenclatural priority; their correct application is not completely resolved, however, and before a study of their proper typification has been made, the time is not yet ripe for a final decision.

Bayer ( 2007b), Bayer ( 2012c) and Marx ( 2016b) present evidence for hybridization with H. marginata, and H. mortonii Breuer is probably based on such hybrid individuals. Marx ( 2011a) speculates that H. uitewaaliana could also be such a hybrid, based on the discovery of an apparently hybrid population W of Riversdale. Bayer ( 2010e) reports naturally occurring hybrids with Astroloba muricata/congregata.

H. minima var. minima — Distr: RSA (Western Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 66).
Incl. Haworthia opalina M. Hayashi (2001) ≡ Tulista opalina (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia flavens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a, 40.1); incl. Haworthia obrata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[3] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 15 cm tall; L to 13 × 1.5 cm, nearly as thick as wide, lanceolate-deltoid, attenuate, spreading, blue-green, surfaces scabrid with raised flattened non-confluent tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, lax, 30–40 cm; Fl tube straight; Tep short, veins pinkish.

H. minima var. poellnitziana (Uitewaal) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 213, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Anonymus s.n. in Stellenbosch University Garden 7796 [AMD]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 67, as H. poellnitziana).
≡ Haworthia poellnitziana Uitewaal (1939) ≡ Tulista minima var. poellnitziana (Uitewaal) Breuer (2016).
[3] Differs from var. minima: L slender, longer, to 18 cm, grey-green; Tep tips yellowish.

H. mirabilis (Haworth) Haworth (Synops. Pl. Succ., 95, 1812). Type: [neo — icono]: Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 33: t. 1354, 1811. — Lit: Bayer ( 2012b); Bayer ( 2012d); Marx ( 2013a). Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Aloe mirabilis Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra mirabilis (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. mirabilis (Haworth) Halda (1997).

H. mirabilis var. atrofusca (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 34, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 6169 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riversdale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22b, as H. magnifica var.).
≡ Haworthia atrofusca G. G. Smith (1948) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. atrofusca (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (1977).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L brownish-green, tips bluntly rounded.

H. mirabilis var. badia (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 109, ills., 1999). Type: [lecto — icono]: Kakteenkunde 1938: 76, ill, 1938. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Napier). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 25b).
≡ Haworthia badia Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis ssp. badia (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia hammeri Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros robust; L attenuate, retuse, smooth, deep shiny brown.

H. mirabilis var. beukmanii (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 110, ills., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 3969 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: N of Caledon).
≡ Haworthia emelyae var. beukmanii Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis fa. beukmanii (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia beukmanii (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros very robust, to 12 cm ∅; L scabrid, strongly retuse, margins with short spines.

H. mirabilis var. consanguinea M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 111, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer s.n. [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riviersonderend Mts.); often on cliffs.
≡ Haworthia consanguinea (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia caespitosa var. consanguinea (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros small, proliferous; L soft, turgid.

H. mirabilis var. heidelbergensis (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 34, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Dekenah 230 in Smith 6566 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Heidelberg). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 18, as H. heidelbergensis).
≡ Haworthia heidelbergensis G. G. Smith (1948) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. heidelbergensis (G. G. Smith) Halda (1997).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Generally smaller; Ros stemless, proliferous, to 8 cm ∅; L more numerous, erect to recurved, 3–5 × 0.5–1 cm.

H. mirabilis var. magnifica (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 34, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Ferguson s.n. [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riversdale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22a, as H. magnifica).
≡ Haworthia magnifica Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. magnifica (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. magnifica (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia magnifica var. magnifica; incl. Haworthia splendens var. hansii M. Hayashi (2011); incl. Haworthia splendens var. masai M. Hayashi (2011); incl. Haworthia obserata Marx (2014) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. obserata (Marx) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 8 cm ∅.

H. mirabilis var. maraisii (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 34, 2012). Incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4. Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Marais s.n. [B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Robertson).
≡ Haworthia maraisii Von Poellnitz (1935) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. maraisii (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1977); incl. Haworthia maraisii var. pubescens Hort. Sheilam (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. schuldtiana (Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia sublimpidula Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia whitesloaneana Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia schuldtiana var. whitesloaneana (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. diversicolor Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia diversicolor (Triebner & Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (2010) ≡ Haworthia notabilis var. diversicolor (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. minor Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. robertsonensis Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. simplicior Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. sublaevis Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. subtuberculata Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. unilineata Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia angustifolia var. subfalcata Von Poellnitz ex Zantner (1951) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1); incl. Haworthia calliantha Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, 4–7 cm ∅; L few to many, ovate-lanceolate, to 4 × 1 cm.

Editorial note [U. Eggli]: This name is unfortunately incorrect since several prioritable names have been treated as synonyms at the time of publication.

H. mirabilis var. meiringii (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer s.n. [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bonnievale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22e, as H. magnifica var.).
≡ Haworthia maraisii var. meiringii M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. meiringii (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (1977) ≡ Haworthia divergens var. meiringii (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia meiringii (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2017); incl. Haworthia meiringii M. Hayashi (2000) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L erect, incurved, green, spiny.

H. mirabilis var. mirabilis — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 25a).
Incl. Haworthia triebneriana Von Poellnitz (1936) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis var. triebneriana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia willowmorensis Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. depauperata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia depauperata (Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis var. depauperata (Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. multituberculata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. napierensis Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis fa. napierensis (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. rubrodentata Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis fa. rubrodentata (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. subtuberculata Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. turgida Triebner (1938); incl. Haworthia nitidula Von Poellnitz (1939); incl. Haworthia triebneriana var. pulchra Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia vernalis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, to 7 cm ∅; L 10–15, 3–4 × 1.5 cm, dark green, markedly retuse, tips acute, face translucent and with lines, marginal spines turning reddish in sun; Inf slender, to 25 cm; Fl narrowly elongate, bud S-shaped, ITep pinched at the tips.

There is no single population that can be said to conform to the type illustration and hence the name is used for the many variants that do not conform to described varieties and their origins. Bayer ( 2012d) notes possible hybrids with H. retusa.

H. mirabilis var. mundula (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA ( Smith 5479 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: SW of Bredasdorp).
≡ Haworthia mundula G. G. Smith (1946) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis ssp. mundula (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1976).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L less acuminate and with more rounded convex end-area.

H. mirabilis var. notabilis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4. Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Robertson). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22f, as H. magnifica var.).
≡ Haworthia notabilis Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. notabilis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1977) ≡ Haworthia intermedia var. notabilis (Von Poellnitz) J. Esterhuizen (2003) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. notabilis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia intermedia Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia maculata var. intermedia (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia schuldtiana var. erecta Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia nitidula var. opaca Von Poellnitz (1948).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L erect, green, turgid.

Editorial note [U. Eggli]: The name is incorrect because the prioritable H. schuldtiana var. erecta was included as synonym at the time of publication.

H. mirabilis var. paradoxa (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Aloe 34(1–2): 6, 1997). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Ferguson s.n. [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riversdale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 22g, as H. magnifica var.); Marx ( 2014b: Figs. 5–7, as H. bobii).
≡ Haworthia paradoxa Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. paradoxa (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. paradoxa (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1977); incl. Haworthia jakubii Breuer (2004) ≡ Haworthia paradoxa var. jakubii (Breuer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia bobii Breuer ex M. Hayashi (2014) ≡ Haworthia badia var. bobii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia joleneae M. Hayashi (2014) ≡ Haworthia badia var. joleneae (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L more densely maculate with opaque light coloured dots on both sides.

A population at Infanta is notable for having densely spined leaf surfaces.

H. mirabilis var. scabra (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 1700 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp to Ashton area).
≡ Haworthia heidelbergensis var. scabra M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia rossouwii var. scabra (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia scabrida Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: Ros to 3 cm ∅; L very dark green, erect or suberect, slightly scabrid along margins and keel.

H. mirabilis var. splendens (S. A. Hammer & J. D. Venter) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Venter 93/57 [NBG]). — Lit: Marx ( 2008a: as H. magnifica var.); Marx ( 2011b: as H. magnifica var.). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Albertinia).
≡ Haworthia magnifica var. splendens S. A. Hammer & D. J. Venter (1998) ≡ Haworthia splendens (S. A. Hammer & D. J. Venter) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia splendens var. ingoi M. Hayashi (2011).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L with shiny raised tubercles.

H. mirabilis var. sublineata (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 113, ills., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 3966 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp).
≡ Haworthia triebneriana var. sublineata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mirabilis fa. sublineata (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia sublineata (Von Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L long and slender.

H. mirabilis var. toonensis (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 6797 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp Distr.).
≡ Haworthia heidelbergensis var. toonensis M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia maraisii var. toonensis (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia toonensis (M. B. Bayer) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia toonensis M. Hayashi (2000) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. mirabilis: L recurved, with a distinct transparent end-area.

H. monticola Fourcade (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 21: 78, 1937). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Fourcade 2498 [K]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape); mainly Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. monticola (Fourcade) Halda (1997).

H. monticola var. asema M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 117, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Venter & de Vries 12(85/83) [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Ladismith Distr.)
≡ Haworthia asema (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. monticola: L smoother, more turgid, generally shorter, more uniformly grey-green; flowering very much earlier.

H. monticola var. monticola — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape: E Little Karoo). I: Scott ( 1985: 57).
Incl. Haworthia divergens M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia bronkhorstii M. Hayashi (2001) ≡ Haworthia monticola var. bronkhorstii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia baviens M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia corticosa M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia glabella Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia simofuri M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, 2–4 cm ∅; L 30–40, elongate-lanceolate, 2–6 cm, tips incurving, margins and keel with small spines, upper face often with pellucid spots; Inf slender, to 30 cm; Fl laxly arranged, 15–20, white.

H. mucronata Haworth (Suppl. Pl. Succ., 50, 1819). Type: K [lecto — icono, publ. Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 1: 98, 1983]. — Lit: Bayer ( 2003b); Bayer ( 2010g). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); Fynbos and Succulent Karoo vegetations.
≡ Aloe mucronata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia altilinea var. mucronata (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1937).

H. mucronata var. habdomadis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 120, ills., 1999). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Barker & Lewis s.n. ex cult. NBG 2764/32 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 17a, as H. habdomadis) – Fig. 8.
≡ Haworthia habdomadis Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia inconfluens var. habdomadis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia habdomadis var. habdomadis.
[1] Differs from var. mucronata: L tips rounded, margins and keel spiny.

Fig. 8 – Haworthia mucronata var. habdomadis. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. mucronata var. inconfluens (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 121, ills. (p. 122), 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Triebner 1031 [B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 17b, as H. habdomadis var.).
≡ Haworthia altilinea fa. inconfluens Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. inconfluens (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia inconfluens (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia habdomadis var. inconfluens (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1977); incl. Haworthia bijliana var. joubertii Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia setata subvar. joubertii (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia setata var. joubertii (Von Poellnitz) H. Jacobsen ( 1960) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.4); incl. Haworthia mucronata var. rooibergensis J. Esterhuizen & Battista (1999) ≡ Haworthia rooibergensis (J. Esterhuizen & Battista) M. Hayashi ex Breuer (2017); incl. Haworthia integra var. standeri J. Esterhuizen (2000) ≡ Haworthia standeri (J. Esterhuizen) M. Hayashi (2010); incl. Haworthia mucronata var. calitzdorpensis Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia calitzdorpensis (Breuer) M. Hayashi (2010) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. calitzdorpensis (Breuer) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia ernstii M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7); incl. Haworthia crystallina M. Hayashi (2006) ≡ Haworthia inconfluens var. crystallina (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia allomadis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia calitzensis M. Hayashi (2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 61.1); incl. Haworthia horrida Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia kotei Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia erii M. Hayashi ex Breuer (2017) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.2, 40.1) ≡ Haworthia rooibergensis var. erii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.2, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. mucronata: L pale green, often without Sp.

H. mucronata var. morrisiae (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 49(1–4): 29, 1940). Type: B [lecto: unpubl. ill.]. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 17c, as H. habdomadis var.).
≡ Haworthia altilinea var. morrisiae Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia inconfluens var. morrisiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia habdomadis var. morrisiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (1977); incl. Haworthia sakaii M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. mucronata: L bright to emerald-green with brownish tips.

H. mucronata var. mucronata — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 41a, as H. unicolor) – Fig. 9.
Incl. Haworthia limpida Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe limpida (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia altilinea var. limpida (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia mucronata var. limpida (Haworth) Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia integra Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia reticulata var. integra (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia unicolor Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia altilinea fa. typica Von Poellnitz (1938) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 24.3) ≡ Haworthia mucronata fa. typica (Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1940) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 24.3); incl. Haworthia mclarenii Von Poellnitz (1939) ≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. mclarenii (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia tradouwensis Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia cangoensis var. tradouwensis (Breuer) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 35.1); incl. Haworthia armata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia confluens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia montagua Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, 6–12 cm ∅; L 30–45, soft, incurved, broadly ovate-lanceolate, slightly pellucid, with translucent margins and keel, both often spiny; Inf robust, to 40 cm; Fl numerous, closely arranged, broad and flat across the base of the tube, white with green venation.

Here belongs H. aristata in the sense of Scott ( 1980) and Scott ( 1985).

Fig. 9 – Haworthia mucronata var. mucronata. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. mucronata var. rycroftiana (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 124, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 1701 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 34, as H. rycroftiana).
≡ Haworthia rycroftiana M. B. Bayer (1981).
[1] Differs from var. mucronata: Ros compact; L shorter, broader and more turgid.

H. mutica Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 55, 1821). Type: K [lecto — icono, publ. Excelsa 8: 50, 1978]. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 26).
≡ Aloe mutica (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. mutica (Haworth) Baker (1896); incl. Haworthia otzenii G. G. Smith (1945).
[1] Ros stemless, solitary, 6–8 cm ∅; L 12–15, 6 × 1.5 cm, retuse, brownish-green, in habitat developing a purplish cloudiness, barely pellucid with several longitudinal lines, tip blunt; Inf to 20 cm; Fl white with brownish veins.

Plants described as H. groenewaldii should probably be regarded as a variety of H. mutica.

H. nigra (Haworth) Baker (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18(109): 203, 1880). Type: RSA, Western Cape? ( Bowie s.n. [[lecto — icono]: K [drawing]]). — Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape, Eastern Cape), Fynbos, Albany Thicket and Nama Karoo vegetations.
≡ Apicra nigra Haworth (1825) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Aloe nigra (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia venosa ssp. nigra (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia viscosa ssp. nigra (Haworth) Halda (1998) ≡ Haworthiopsis nigra (Haworth) G. D. Rowley (2013).

H. nigra var. diversifolia (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (Succulenta 1948: 51, 1948). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bruyns s.n. in Karoo Garden 435/75 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Northern Cape, Eastern Cape). I: Scott ( 1985: 30, as H. nigra); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 51–52, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia diversifolia Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia schmidtiana var. diversifolia (Triebner & Von Poellnitz) Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthiopsis nigra var. diversifolia (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia schmidtiana fa. nana Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia nigra fa. nana (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948).
[2] Differs from var. nigra: L more tightly appressed to the stem, greyish-green, tubercles pale and confluent in transverse bands.

H. nigra var. elongata (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (Succulenta 1948: 51, 1948). Type [neo]: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Van Jaarsveld & Marthinus 7913 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape). I: Gildenhuys ( 2017: 52, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia schmidtiana var. elongata Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthiopsis nigra var. elongata (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. nigra: Ros elongated, stems leafy.

H. nigra var. nigra — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 55); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 49–50, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia schmidtiana Von Poellnitz (1929) ≡ Haworthia nigra var. schmidtiana (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia schmidtiana var. angustata Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia nigra var. angustata (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948) ≡ Haworthia nigra fa. angustata (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia schmidtiana var. suberecta Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia nigra var. suberecta (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia schmidtiana var. pusilla Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia nigra var. pusilla (Von Poellnitz) Uitewaal (1948); incl. Haworthia ryneveldii Von Poellnitz (1939); incl. Haworthia eonigra Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[2] Ros usually caulescent, slowly proliferating or often stoloniferous, to 5 cm tall or occasionally taller; L to 3 × 1.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, erect or recurved-spreading, blackish to grey-green, opaque, surfaces scabrid with distinct raised non-confluent concolorous tubercles; Inf simple, lax, to 40 cm; Fl erect, tube obcapitate, ITep revolute.

H. nortieri G. G. Smith (J. South Afr. Bot. 12: 13, 1946). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 1676a [NBG]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2004b); Marx ( 2009b). Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape); mainly Fynbos and Succulent Karoo vegetations.
≡ Haworthia mucronata var. nortieri (G. G. Smith) Halda (1997).

H. nortieri var. albispina (M. Hayashi) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 35, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Hayashi 02-48 [Res. Inst. Evol. Biol., Tokyo [TUAT]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: E of Laingsburg).
≡ Haworthia albispina M. Hayashi ( 2002) ≡ Haworthia pehlemanniae var. albispina (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. nortieri: L with prominent white spines.

H. nortieri var. devriesii (Breuer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( de Vries 643 in Breuer 6930 [Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. Tokyo [TUAT]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: N of Prince Albert).
≡ Haworthia devriesii Breuer (2003).
[1] Differs from var. nortieri: Ros solitary, sunken into the soil.

H. nortieri var. globosiflora (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 119, 1976). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 7198 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: N Ceres Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 27b).
≡ Haworthia globosiflora G. G. Smith (1950).
[1] Differs from var. nortieri: Ros compact; L ovate, with translucent dots; Fl ovoid to globose.

H. nortieri var. nortieri — Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, N Western Cape: Namaqualand). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 27a).
Incl. Haworthia nortieri var. giftbergensis G. G. Smith (1950) ≡ Haworthia giftbergensis (G. G. Smith) M. Hayashi (2007); incl. Haworthia nortieri var. montana G. G. Smith (1950); incl. Haworthia agnis Battista (2002) ≡ Haworthia nortieri var. agnis (Battista) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia lateritia M. Hayashi (2004); incl. Haworthia montana M. Hayashi (2005) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7) ≡ Haworthia nortieri var. montana (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.7).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, 3–5 cm ∅; L 25–45, soft, suberect, 6 × 0.75 cm, ovate-lanceolate to obovate, pale to purplish-green, with translucent spots, margins and keel with small spines; Inf slender, to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, greyish-white, throat yellowish.

H. nortieri var. pehlemanniae (C. L. Scott) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 130, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Scott 7450 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Laingsburg).
≡ Haworthia pehlemanniae C. L. Scott (1982) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. pehlemanniae (C. L. Scott) Halda (1997).
[1] Differs from var. nortieri: L greyish-green, unspotted.

H. outeniquensis M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 130–131, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Venter & al. 94/61 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Oudtshoorn Distr.); Fynbos vegetation.
Incl. Haworthia heroldia Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, 4–6 cm ∅, proliferous; L erect to suberect, to 6 × 0.6–1 cm, 2–3 mm thick, incurving tips with a 2 mm long terminal awn, surfaces with pellucid anastomosing dots, yellowish-green, upper face convex with 4–5 prominent rows of conspicuous pellucid dots, lower face convex with 3–6 rows of pellucid dots, with a sharper keel with spines to 1 mm, margins similarly spined; Inf with 7–15 flowers; Ped 4–6 mm; Per white and yellowish-green, 15 mm.

H. parksiana Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 205–206, 1937). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Helms s.n. in Parks 636/32 [B [lecto: ill. publ. Desert Pl. Life 10: 48, 1938]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Great Brak); Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 28).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, 3–4 cm ∅; L 25–35, triangular, sublanceolate, 1.5–3 cm, blackish-green, sharply recurved, minutely tubercled, tip barely pointed; Inf slender, to 20 cm; Fl few, narrow, whitish with dull greenish venation.

H. pubescens M. B. Bayer (J. South Afr. Bot. 38: 129–130, ills. (pp. 126–127), 1973). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer s.n. in Karoo Garden 112/70 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 29).
[1] Ros stemless, rarely proliferating, to 4 cm ∅; L 20–35, ovate-lanceolate, 5 × 0.8 cm, shortly incurved, opaque grey-green, covered with minute spines; Inf to 20 cm; Fl 10–15, white with pinkish venation, upper Tep tips flaring.

H. pulchella M. B. Bayer (J. South Afr. Bot. 39: 232, 1973). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 162 in Karoo Garden 43/71 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); mainly Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. pulchella (M. B. Bayer) Halda (1997).

H. pulchella var. globifera M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 136, ill., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bruyns 7338 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Anysberg).
≡ Haworthia globifera (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. pulchella: Ros glabrous, slightly caulescent, forming clusters.

H. pulchella var. pulchella — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Touws Rivier). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 30).
[1] Ros stemless, occasionally proliferous, to 5 cm ∅; L 30–45, narrowly triangular, incurved, coriaceous, dark to emerald-green, with block-patterned reticulation, margins and keel with pronounced whitish spines; Inf slender, to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, white.

H. pungens M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 188–189, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bruyns 7090 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Willowmore); mainly Fynbos vegetation. I: Gildenhuys ( 2017: 48, as Haworthiopsis) – Fig. 10.
≡ Tulista pungens (M. B. Bayer) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis pungens (M. B. Bayer) Boatwright & J. C. Manning (2014).
[2] Ros to 6 cm ∅, caulescent, proliferating; L many, usually in 5 (rarely 3) rows, to 5 × 1.8 cm, spreading, smooth, rigid, sharp-pointed, green in the shade, darkening and reddening in the sun; Inf simple, to 30 cm; Fl with straight tube; ITep revolute.

Similar to H. viscosa and superficially reminiscent of the genus Astroloba.

Fig. 10 – Haworthia pungens. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. pygmaea Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 132, 1929). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Fourcade 4759 [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); mainly Fynbos vegetation.

H. pygmaea var. acuminata (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA ( Bayer s.n. [NBG †?]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Albertinia). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 33b, as H. retusa var.).
≡ Haworthia retusa fa. acuminata M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. acuminata (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer ( 1982) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. acuminata (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (1997) ≡ Haworthia acuminata (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. pygmaea: L with long acuminate truncate end-area.

H. pygmaea var. argenteo-maculosa (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Aloe 34(1–2): 6, 1997). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Emett s.n. [NBG 68037, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Albertinia). I: Bayer ( 1976: 68, as H. dekenahii var.).
≡ Haworthia dekenahii var. argenteo-maculosa G. G. Smith (1945) ≡ Haworthia retusa fa. argenteo-maculosa (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia silviae M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. pygmaea: L almost smooth, conspicuously white-spotted.

H. pygmaea var. dekenahii (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 5489 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Albertinia). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 33c, as H. retusa var.).
≡ Haworthia dekenahii G. G. Smith (1944) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. dekenahii (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1982) ≡ Haworthia magnifica var. dekenahii (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (1997); incl. Haworthia enigma M. Hayashi ( 2002) ≡ Haworthia atrofusca var. enigma (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia magnifica var. pseudomutica Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. pygmaea: L with raised tubercles and silvery flecks, tips bluntly rounded.

H. pygmaea var. fusca (Breuer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Breuer 8971 [GRA]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: W of Albertinia).
≡ Haworthia fusca Breuer (2004) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. fusca (Breuer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. pygmaea: Ros more compact; L broader and shorter.

H. pygmaea var. pygmaea — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Mossel Bay). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 31).
Incl. Haworthia pygmaea fa. crystallina Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia pygmaea fa. major Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 40.1); incl. Haworthia asperata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, 6–10 cm ∅; L 12–15, 6 × 1.8 cm, retuse, round-tipped, surface pellucid with obscure raised tubercles, sometimes intensely papillose; Inf robust, to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, white with greenish veins.

H. pygmaea var. vincentii (Breuer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( de Vries 71 in Breuer 5424 [GRA]). — Lit: Vries ( 2010). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: E of Albertinia); Fynbos vegetation. I: Hayashi ( 2002: Fig. 2, as H. esterhuizenii); Marx ( 2014b: Figs. 26–30, as H. esterhuizenii and H. vincentii).
≡ Haworthia vincentii Breuer (2004); incl. Haworthia esterhuizenii M. Hayashi ( 2002) ≡ Haworthia pygmaea var. esterhuizenii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia albertinensis Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1).
[1] Differs from var. pygmaea: Ros smaller; L more strongly patterned.

H. reinwardtii (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 53, 1821). Type: [neo — icono]: Salm-Dyck, Monogr. Gen. Aloes & Mesembr. 1: Aloe t. 12 (Sect. 6: 16), 1836. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket and Savanna vegetations.
≡ Aloe reinwardtii Salm-Dyck (1821) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii (Salm-Dyck) G. D. Rowley (2013).

H. reinwardtii fa. chalumnensis (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 106, 1976). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 513 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Chalumna). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 57b); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 31, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. chalumnensis G. G. Smith (1943) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii fa. chalumnensis (G. G. Smith) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016).
[2] Differs from var. reinwardtii: L elongate, incurved, conspicuously tuberculate.

H. reinwardtii fa. kaffirdriftensis (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 126, 1976). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3364 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Fish River). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 57c); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 32, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. kaffirdriftensis G. G. Smith (1943) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii fa. kaffirdriftensis (G. G. Smith) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016).
[2] Differs from var. reinwardtii: Outer side of L with tubercles in longitudinal rows.

H. reinwardtii fa. olivacea (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 142, 1976). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 5260 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Fish River). I: Bayer ( 1976: 66); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 33–34, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. olivacea G. G. Smith (1944) ≡ Haworthia olivacea (G. G. Smith) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii fa. olivacea (G. G. Smith) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii var. olivacea (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016).
[2] Differs from var. reinwardtii: L olive-green, relatively smooth, tubercles rounder and sparser.

H. reinwardtii fa. zebrina (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Nation. Cact. Succ. J. 32(1): 18, 1977). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 5258 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Fish River). I: Bayer ( 1976: 65).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii var. zebrina G. G. Smith (1944).
[2] Differs from var. reinwardtii: Outside of L with tubercles conspicuous in prominent transverse white bands.

Gildenhuys ( 2017: 33–34) does no longer accept fa. zebrina, which he interpretes merely as selected clones of fa. olivacea, probably to be recognized at the horticultural level.

H. reinwardtii var. brevicula G. G. Smith (J. South Afr. Bot. 10: 11, 1944). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Smith 3138 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Grahamstown). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 57f); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 34–35, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia reinwardtii fa. brevicula (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1975) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5) ≡ Haworthia brevicula (G. G. Smith) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis reinwardtii var. brevicula (G. G. Smith) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. diminuta G. G. Smith (1948) ≡ Haworthia reinwardtii fa. diminuta (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1975) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5).
[2] Differs from var. reinwardtii: Ros small, to 10 cm tall and 4 cm ∅.

H. reinwardtii var. reinwardtii — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 57a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 29–30, as Haworthiopsis) – Fig. 11.
Incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. major hort. ex Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. archibaldiae Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. pulchra Von Poellnitz (1937); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. peddiensis G. G. Smith (1943); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. triebneri Resende (1943); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. valida G. G. Smith (1943); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. haworthii Resende (1943) ( nom. illeg., ICN Art. 52.1, 26.1); incl. Haworthia reinwardtii var. grandicula G. G. Smith (1944).
[2] Ros to 10 cm ∅, caulescent, to 20 cm tall, proliferating; L numerous, to 7 × 2 cm, ratio stem diameter : leaf width = 1:1.2, L erectly spreading or incurved, scabrid, brownish-green, usually with flattened scale-like tubercles; Inf simple or occasionally compound, to 30 cm; Fl 15–20, tube obcapitate, curved, ITep revolute.

Fig. 11 – Haworthia reinwardtii var. reinwardtii. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. reticulata (Haworth) Haworth (Synops. Pl. Succ., 94, 1812). Type: [neo — icono]: Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 32: t. 1314, 1810. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Aloe reticulata Haworth (1804) ≡ Aloe arachnoidea var. reticulata (Haworth) Ker Gawler (1811) ≡ Apicra reticulata (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4).

H. reticulata var. attenuata M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 140, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 3979 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bonnievale).
[1] Differs from var. reticulata: L longer, more slender.

H. reticulata var. hurlingii (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (New Haworthia Handb., 52, 1982). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Hurling s.n. [B [lecto: ill., publ. Desert Pl. Life 10: 125, 1938]]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: W of Bonnievale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 32b).
≡ Haworthia hurlingii Von Poellnitz (1937).
[1] Differs from var. reticulata: Ros small, to 3 cm ∅; L obtuse.

H. reticulata var. reticulata — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester-Robertson Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 32a).
Incl. Aloe pumilio Jacquin (1804) ≡ Apicra pumilio (Jacquin) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia hurlingii var. ambigua Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia reticulata var. acuminata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia guttata Uitewaal (1947); incl. Haworthia oxygona Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros proliferous, sometimes with a short stem, to 8 cm ∅; L 25–40, lanceolate-acuminate, 6 × 1 cm, firmly suberect, incurved, yellowish-green, opaque with reticulate to mottled patterning, reddening in the sun, margins and keel frequently with short spines; Inf to 25 cm; Fl 20–30, large, white to pinkish, buds arcuate with flattened tips.

H. reticulata var. subregularis (Baker) Pilbeam (Haworthia and Astroloba Coll. Guide, 116, 1983). Type: [lecto — icono]: Refug. Bot. 4: t. 232, 1871. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Worcester).
≡ Haworthia subregularis Baker (1871); incl. Haworthia haageana Von Poellnitz (1930); incl. Haworthia haageana var. subreticulata Von Poellnitz (1937).
[1] Differs from var. reticulata: Ros >10 cm ∅; L more suberect to spreading.

H. retusa (Linné) Duval (Pl. Succ. Horto Alencon., 7, 1809). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Horti Med. Amstelod. 2: 11, t. 6, 1701. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Aloe retusa Linné (1753) ≡ Catevala retusa (Linné) Medikus (1786) ≡ Apicra retusa (Linné) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4).

H. retusa var. longibracteata (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Dekenah 18 in Smith 5378 [NBG, PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape). I: Scott ( 1985: 127, as H. longibracteata).
≡ Haworthia longibracteata G. G. Smith (1945) ≡ Haworthia retusa fa. longibracteata (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia turgida var. longibracteata (G. G. Smith) M. B. Bayer ( 1999).
[1] Differs from var. retusa: L erect to suberect, ovate-lanceolate.

H. retusa var. nigra (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Smith 5753 [NBG]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2004a); Bayer ( 2004c); Bayer ( 2005); all as H. mutica var. Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Heidelberg area).
≡ Haworthia mutica var. nigra M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia silviae var. nigra (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000); incl. Haworthia chromutica M. Hayashi (2000) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 39.1, 40.1); incl. Haworthia quimutica Breuer ( 2011) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. retusa: Ros more proliferous; L greener and more translucent.

H. retusa var. retusa — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riversdale). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 33a).
Incl. Haworthia fouchei Von Poellnitz (1940) ≡ Haworthia retusa fa. fouchei (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia retusa var. fouchei (Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia retusa var. densiflora G. G. Smith (1946); incl. Haworthia retusa var. multilineata G. G. Smith (1946) ≡ Haworthia retusa fa. multilineata (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia multilineata (G. G. Smith) C. L. Scott (1985); incl. Haworthia retusa var. solitaria G. G. Smith (1946) ≡ Haworthia solitaria (G. G. Smith) C. L. Scott (1973); incl. Haworthia geraldii C. L. Scott (1965) ≡ Haworthia retusa fa. geraldii (C. L. Scott) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia retusa var. quimutica Hayashi (2001); incl. Haworthia subretusa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, rarely slowly proliferating, to 12 cm ∅; L 10–15, turgid, rigid, with pronouncedly retuse end-areas, 8 × 2 cm, brownish or green and rarely with purplish hue, variously lined and windowed, surface and usually also margins and keel without spines or tubercles, tips pointed; Inf robust, to 30 cm; Fl 20–30, closely spaced, white with greenish-brown veins.

Possible hybridization with H. mirabilis is mentioned by Bayer ( 2012d).

H. retusa var. suberecta (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer s.n. in Karoo Garden 631/69 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape). I: Scott ( 1985: 126, as H. dekenahii).
≡ Haworthia turgida var. suberecta Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia turgida fa. suberecta (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia suberecta (Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia turgida var. subtuberculata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia turgida var. pallidifolia G. G. Smith (1946) ≡ Haworthia turgida fa. pallidifolia (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthia pallidifolia (G. G. Smith) M. Hayashi (2010) ≡ Haworthia suberecta var. pallidifolia (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia pseuda Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia reflexa Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia rodinii Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Differs from var. retusa: L strongly mottled, tips slightly truncate and rounded.

H. retusa var. turgida (Haworth) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36, 2012). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 2420 [NBG 132378]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 40, as H. turgida).
≡ Haworthia turgida Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe turgida (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia laetevirens Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe laetevirens (Haworth) Link (1822); incl. Haworthia caespitosa Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia turgida fa. caespitosa (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia caespitosa fa. subplana Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia caespitosa fa. subproliferans Von Poellnitz (1938).
[1] Differs from var. turgida: Ros partially stemless, proliferous, 5–10 cm ∅; L 20–40, ovate-lanceolate, 4 × 1.2 cm, turgid, often as thick as broad, recurved or slightly retuse, margins and keel lightly spined.

H. rossouwii Von Poellnitz (Kakteenkunde 1938: 75, ill., 1938). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Rossouw s.n. in Triebner 1059 [B [lecto, ill. later publ. l.c. p. 75]]). — Lit: Bayer ( 2001). Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp to Heidelberg); mainly in Fynbos vegetation.

H. rossouwii var. calcarea (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Aloe 38(1–2): 36, 2001). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Burgers 1648 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp Distr.). I: Bayer ( 2001).
≡ Haworthia mirabilis var. calcarea M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia calcarea (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000) ≡ Haworthia mundula var. calcarea (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Differs from var. rossouwii: Ros with fewer leaves; L short, erect, with short retuse end-area.

H. rossouwii var. elizeae (Breuer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 2, 154, 2006). Nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5. Type: RSA, Western Cape ( de Vries 563 in Breuer 6936 [Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. Tokyo]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: W of Swellendam).
≡ Haworthia elizeae Breuer (2003) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia esterhuizenii Breuer (2002) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5).[1] Differs from var. rossouwii: Ros smaller, more globose.

Unfortunately, there is no valid name available for this taxon.

H. rossouwii var. minor (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Update Vol. 7, Part 4, 36–37, 2012). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer s.n. in Karoo Garden 36/70 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp Distr.).
≡ Haworthia heidelbergensis var. minor M. B. Bayer ( 1999); incl. Haworthia rooivleiensis Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. rossouwii: Ros much smaller, to 3 cm ∅; L light yellowish-green, well-spined.

H. rossouwii var. petrophila (M. B. Bayer) M. B. Bayer (Aloe 38(1–2): 36, 2001). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Burgers 2158 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bromberg, Stormsvlei).
≡ Haworthia variegata var. petrophila M. B. Bayer ( 1999) ≡ Haworthia petrophila (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. rossouwii: Ros very proliferous; L slender, shorter and incurved, strongly spined.

H. rossouwii var. rossouwii — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: SW of Heidelberg to Bredasdorp); mainly in Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 36, as H. serrata).
Incl. Haworthia serrata M. B. Bayer (1973) ≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. serrata (M. B. Bayer) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia rossouwii var. serrata (M. B. Bayer) Breuer (2016).
[1] Ros stemless, rarely proliferating, to 7 cm ∅; L 20–30, narrow, 6 × 1 cm, acuminate, bright yellowish-green with translucent lines above, margins and keel spiny; Inf robust, to 40 cm; Fl 20–30, white with green venation.

H. scabra Haworth (Suppl. Pl. Succ., 58, 1819). Type: K [lecto — icono]: publ. Cact. Succ. J. (US) 52: 274, 1980. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape); mainly in Fynbos and Succulent Karoo vegetation.
≡ Aloe scabra (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra (Haworth) G. D. Rowley (2013).

H. scabra var. lateganiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 195, ills., 1999). Type: B [lecto — icono]: photograph publ. Desert Pl. Life 9: 103, 1937. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo, E of Oudtshoorn). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 60b, as H. starkiana var.); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 56, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia lateganiae Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthia starkiana var. lateganiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra var. lateganiae (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. scabra: L long and slender, smooth and shiny, dark green.

H. scabra var. morrisiae (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 137, 1976). Type: B [lecto — icono]: ill., publ. Kakteenkunde 1937: 132. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo, Schoemanspoort). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 58b); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 57, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia morrisiae Von Poellnitz (1937) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra var. morrisiae (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. scabra: L surfaces minutely scabrid, tubercles small and confluent.

H. scabra var. scabra — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 58a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 53–55, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia tuberculata Von Poellnitz (1931) ≡ Haworthia scabra var. tuberculata (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia tuberculata var. acuminata Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia tuberculata var. subexpansa Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia tuberculata var. sublaevis Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia tuberculata var. angustata Von Poellnitz (1940); incl. Haworthia scabra var. johanii M. Hayashi (2001) ≡ Haworthia johanii (M. Hayashi) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra var. johanii (M. Hayashi) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia plettens Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[2] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 16 cm tall, 6 cm ∅; L 12–25, to 1.6 × 2.2 cm, triangular-lanceolate, attenuate, almost as thick as wide, dull green covered with dust, incurved, surfaces scabrid or smooth, with or without distinct raised non-confluent concolorous tubercles; Inf sparsely branched, lax, to 48 cm; Fl 15–20, tube obcapitate, curved; ITep revolute.

H. scabra var. starkiana (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 197, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Taylor s.n. [B [lecto — icono]: unpubl. photograph]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo, Schoemanspoort). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 60a, as H. starkiana); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 58–59, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia starkiana Von Poellnitz (1933) ≡ Haworthia starkiana var. starkiana (1976) ≡ Haworthia scabra ssp. starkiana (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra var. starkiana (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Haworthia taylorii W. F. Barker ms. (s.a.) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1); incl. Haworthia smitii Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia pumila var. smitii (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis scabra var. smitii (Von Poellnitz) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016).
[2] Differs from var. scabra: Ros larger, forming clumps; L smooth, shiny, without tubercles, yellowish-green.

Gildenhuys ( 2017: 58) also accepts var. smitii, which he terms a “very distint taxon”.

H. semiviva (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Handb., 153, 1976). Type: B [lecto — icono]: photograph publ. Succulenta 22: 25, 1940. — Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape); Nama Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 35).
≡ Haworthia bolusii var. semiviva Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia arachnoidea var. semiviva (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia sphaeroidea Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia victoria Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros stemless, rarely proliferating, 5–6 cm ∅; L 30–40, broadly ovate, 6 × 1.5 cm, thin, incurved, pale green, translucent and usually drying up from the tips; Inf 20–30 cm; Fl 30–35, white with green venation, broad and flat across the upper base of the tube.

H. sordida Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 51, 1821). Type: [neo — icono]: Salm-Dyck, Monogr. Gen. Aloes & Mesembr. 7: Aloe t. 1 (Sect. 7: 2), 1863. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); mainly Albany Thicket vegetation.
≡ Aloe sordida (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia scabra ssp. sordida (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia scabra var. sordida (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis sordida (Haworth) G. D. Rowley (2013).

H. sordida var. lavrani C. L. Scott (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 53(3): 124-126, ill., 1981). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Hechter s.n. [PRE 61124]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Little Karoo). I: Scott ( 1985: 8); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 67, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia scabra var. lavrani (C. L. Scott) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia lavrani (C. L. Scott) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis sordida var. lavrani (C. L. Scott) G. D. Rowley (2013).
[2] Differs from var. sordida: Ros smaller, to 5 cm ∅; L shorter, recurved.

H. sordida var. sordida — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: E Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 59); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 64–66, as Haworthiopsis).
Incl. Haworthia agavoides Zantner & Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia sordida var. agavoides (Zantner & Von Poellnitz) G. G. Smith (1950) ≡ Haworthiopsis sordida var. agavoides (Zantner & Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016).
[2] Ros stemless, rarely proliferating, to 15 cm tall, 8 cm ∅; L 6–15, to 15 × 2 cm, lanceolate-deltoid, attenuate, erect, dark grey to blackish-green, surfaces scabrid with indistinct slightly raised non-confluent tubercles, margins obtuse; Inf sparsely branched, lax, to 40 cm; Fl tube straight; ITep revolute.

H. springbokvlakensis C. L. Scott (J. South Afr. Bot. 36: 287–288, 1970). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Scott 245 [PRE]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: E Little Karoo); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 37).
≡ Haworthia retusa var. springbokvlakensis (C. L. Scott) Halda (1997); incl. Haworthia groenewaldii Breuer ( 2011).
[1] Ros stemless, solitary, to 10 cm ∅; L 8–12, turgid, 6 × 1.5 cm, very rounded and retuse with translucent end-area and several short longitudinal lines, smooth; Inf 20–25 cm; Fl white with brownish venation.

H. × tauteae Archibald pro sp. (Flow. Pl. Afr. 25: t. 992 + text, 1946). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Taute s.n. [[lecto — icono]: l.c. t. 992]).
≡ Haworthiopsis ×tauteae (Archibald) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016).
This is the naturally occurring hybrid H. viscosa × H. scabra. — [U. Eggli]

H. tessellata Haworth (Philos. Mag. J. 64: 300, 1824). Type: K [lecto — icono]: ill. publ. in Cact. Succ. J. (US): 50: 75, 1978. — Distr: S Namibia, RSA (Northern Cape, Free State); Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 61c, as H. venosa ssp.); Hildyard ( 2016b); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 44–45, as Haworthiopsis) – Fig. 12.
≡ Aloe tessellata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia venosa ssp. tessellata (Haworth) M. B. Bayer ( 1982) ≡ Haworthia venosa var. tessellata (Haworth) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis tessellata (Haworth) Boatwright & J. C. Manning (2014); incl. Haworthia parva Haworth (1824) ≡ Aloe parva (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia tessellata var. parva (Haworth) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. inflexa Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia engleri Dinter (1914) ≡ Haworthia tessellata var. engleri (Dinter) Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia pseudotessellata Von Poellnitz (1929); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. tuberculata Von Poellnitz (1936); incl. Haworthia minutissima Von Poellnitz (1939) ≡ Haworthia tessellata var. minutissima (Von Poellnitz) Viveiros (1949); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. elongata van Woerden (1940); incl. Haworthia tessellata fa. brevior Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata fa. longior Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. coriacea Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942) ≡ Haworthia coriacea (Resende & Von Poellnitz) Breuer ( 2010); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. luisieri Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. obesa Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. palhinhiae Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. simplex Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. stepheniana Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata var. velutina Resende & Von Poellnitz (1942); incl. Haworthia tessellata fa. major J. R. Brown (1947); incl. Haworthia crousii M. Hayashi (2001) ≡ Haworthiopsis tessellata var. crousii (M. Hayashi) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); incl. Haworthia crausii M. Hayashi (2001) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 61.1) ≡ Haworthiopsis tessellata var. crausii (M. Hayashi) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016) ( nom. inval., Art. 61.1); incl. Haworthia helensis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a); incl. Haworthia mediata Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[2] Description as for H. venosa but Ros stemless; L 8–10, subdeltoid, variously patterned.

Gildenhuys ( 2017: 45) also accepts H. crousii at varietal level (under Haworthiopsis), which differs by being more robust and less proliferous than var. tessellata.

Fig. 12 – Haworthia tessellata. (Copyright: U. Eggli)

H. transiens (Von Poellnitz) M. Hayashi (Haworthia Study 3: 13, 2000). Type: B [lecto — icono]: unpubl. photograph. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof, Langkloof); Fynbos and Albany Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 11d, as H. cymbiformis var.).
≡ Haworthia planifolia var. transiens Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis var. transiens (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. brevifolia Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. multifolia Triebner (1938) ≡ Haworthia cymbiformis fa. multifolia (Triebner) Pilbeam (1983); incl. Haworthia cymbiformis var. translucens Triebner & Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia diaphana M. Hayashi (2006); incl. Haworthia klipensis Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[1] Ros similar to H. cymbiformis and to H. cooperi var. picturata; L obtuse, surface reticulate with translucent areas between the veins.

H. truncata Schönland (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 391, 1910). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Britten s.n. [K]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo vegetation.
Mak ( 2003) presents a synopsis of hybrids involving this species as one parent.

H. truncata var. maughanii (Von Poellnitz) B. Fearn (Nation. Cact. Succ. J. 21(1): 28–29, 1966). Type [neo]: RSA, Western Cape ( Malherbe s.n. in NBG 307/40 [NBG 68307]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo, Calitzdorp). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 24, as H. maughanii).
≡ Haworthia maughanii Von Poellnitz (1933).
[1] Differs from var. turgida: L multifarious, round in cross-section.

H. truncata var. truncata — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: C Little Karoo). I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 39) – Fig. 13.
Incl. Haworthia truncata fa. crassa Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia truncata fa. normalis Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia truncata fa. tenuis Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia truncata var. tenuis (Von Poellnitz) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Haworthia truncata var. minor Breuer (2003); incl. Haworthia papillaris Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating; L distichous, 10–12, abruptly truncate with flat to slightly corrugated and subpellucid end-areas, 1.2–4 cm wide, 0.3–1 cm thick, dark grey-green, scabrid with minute tubercles; Inf to 20 cm; Fl 20–30, white with brownish veins.

Fig. 13 – Haworthia truncata var. truncata. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. variegata L. Bolus (J. Bot. 67: 137, 1929). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Ferguson s.n. [BOL]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape); Fynbos vegetation.
≡ Haworthia chloracantha ssp. variegata (L. Bolus) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. variegata (L. Bolus) Halda (1997).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, to 4 cm ∅; L 30–40, erect, slender lanceolate, dark green, variegated, margins and keel spined; Inf slender, to 35 cm, lax; Fl 15–20, greenish-white with brownish venation.

H. variegata var. hemicrypta M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 158, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Burgers 2582 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp).
≡ Haworthia hemicrypta (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. variegata: Plants moderately variegated to plain; L long and slender, tending to arch out and then curve inwards.

H. variegata var. modesta M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 159, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Bayer 2551 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Bredasdorp).
≡ Haworthia modesta (M. B. Bayer) M. Hayashi (2000).
[1] Differs from var. variegata: L broader and shorter and with less conspicuous spination.

H. variegata var. variegata — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Riversdale).
[1] Plants strongly variegated.

H. venosa (Lamarck) Haworth (Revis. Pl. Succ., 51, 1821). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Praeludia Bot. t. 29, 1703. — Distr: RSA (Northern Cape, Western Cape: lower Breede and Gouritz river valleys); Fynbos and Albany Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 61a); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 46, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Aloe venosa Lamarck (1783) ≡ Haworthiopsis venosa (Lamarck) G. D. Rowley (2013); incl. Aloe recurva Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra recurva (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia recurva (Haworth) Haworth (1812) ≡ Haworthia venosa ssp. recurva (Haworth) M. B. Bayer ( 1976); incl. Aloe tricolor Haworth (1804) ≡ Apicra tricolor (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4); incl. Haworthia distincta N. E. Brown (1876); incl. Haworthia venosa var. oertendahlii Hjelmquist (1943); incl. Haworthia irmiae Breuer ( 2010) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1b, 38.1a).
[2] Ros usually stemless, slowly proliferating with offsets or stolons, to 3 cm tall and 5 cm ∅; L 12–20, to 10 × 1.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, spreading to recurved, upper surface smooth, reticulate, lower surface usually slightly scabrid; Inf sparsely branched, lax, to 35 cm; Fl 15–20, tube obcapitate; ITep revolute.

H. viscosa (Linné) Haworth (Synops. Pl. Succ., 90, 1812). Type: [lecto — icono]: Commelin, Praeludia Bot., 82, t. 31, 1703. — Distr: RSA (Western Cape, Eastern Cape: Little Karoo); Succulent Karoo and Albany Thicket vegetations. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 62); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 60–61, as Haworthiopsis) – Fig. 14.
≡ Aloe viscosa Linné (1753) ≡ Apicra viscosa (Linné) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthiopsis viscosa (Linné) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Tulista viscosa (Linné) G. D. Rowley (2013) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.2); incl. Aloe triangularis Medikus (1784); incl. Aloe ×tortuosa Haworth pro sp. (1804) ≡ Apicra tortuosa (Haworth) Willdenow (1811) ( incorrect name, ICN Art. 11.4) ≡ Haworthia tortuosa (Haworth) Haworth (1812) ≡ Haworthiopsis ×tortuosa (Haworth) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016); incl. Aloe pseudotortuosa Salm-Dyck (1817) ≡ Haworthia pseudotortuosa (Salm-Dyck) Haworth (1819) ≡ Haworthia viscosa var. pseudotortuosa (Salm-Dyck) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia viscosa fa. pseudotortuosa (Salm-Dyck) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia asperiuscula Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe asperiuscula (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1840) ≡ Haworthia viscosa fa. asperiuscula (Haworth) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5) ≡ Haworthiopsis viscosa var. asperiuscula (Haworth) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia concinna Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe concinna (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Haworthia viscosa var. concinna (Haworth) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia cordifolia Haworth (1819) ≡ Aloe cordifolia (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia indurata Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe indurata (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829) ≡ Aloe viscosa var. indurata (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1836) ≡ Haworthia viscosa var. indurata (Haworth) Baker (1880); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. major Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe viscosa var. major (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. minor Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe viscosa var. minor (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. parvifolia Haworth (1821) ≡ Aloe viscosa var. parvifolia (Haworth) Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia torquata Haworth (1827) ≡ Aloe torquata (Haworth) Salm-Dyck (1836) ≡ Haworthia viscosa var. torquata (Haworth) Baker (1880) ≡ Haworthia viscosa fa. torquata (Haworth) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Aloe subtortuosa Roemer & Schultes fil. (1829); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. caespitosa Von Poellnitz (1938); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. subobtusa Von Poellnitz (1938) ≡ Haworthia viscosa fa. subobtusa (Von Poellnitz) Pilbeam (1983) ( nom. inval., ICN Art. 41.5); incl. Haworthia beanii G. G. Smith (1944) ≡ Haworthia viscosa fa. beanii (G. G. Smith) Pilbeam (1983) ≡ Haworthiopsis viscosa var. beanii (G. G. Smith) Breuer (2016); incl. Haworthia beanii var. minor G. G. Smith (1944); incl. Haworthia asperiuscula var. subintegra G. G. Smith (1945); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. cougaensis G. G. Smith (1945); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. viridissima G. G. Smith (1945); incl. Haworthia asperiuscula var. patagiata G. G. Smith (1946); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. quaggaensis G. G. Smith (1948); incl. Haworthia viscosa ssp. dereki-clarki Halda (1998); incl. Haworthia viscosa var. variabilis Breuer (2003) ≡ Haworthia variabilis (Breuer) Breuer ( 2010) ≡ Haworthiopsis variabilis (Breuer) Zonneveld (2014) ≡ Haworthiopsis viscosa var. variabilis (Breuer) Gildenhuys & Klopper ( 2016).
[2] Ros caulescent, proliferous, to 8 cm ∅, to 30 cm tall; L 20–60, to 5 × 1.5 cm, deltoid, closely arranged in 3 rows, spreading, surfaces scabrid, tips spreading, pungent; Inf sparsely branched, lax, 15–20 cm; Fl 8–15, tube obcapitate, curved; ITep revolute.

Gildenhuys ( 2017: 62, with ills.) also accepts var. variabilis as “one of the many known variations” of H. viscosa.

Fig. 14 – Haworthia viscosa. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. vlokii M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 160–161, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Vlok s.n. in Venter 91/2 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Little Karoo, Swartberg Mts.); Fynbos vegetation.
[1] Ros acaulescent, 4–5 cm ∅, proliferous; L spreading to suberect, surface opaque, with inconspicuous whiter dots towards the tips, margins and keel with short spines; Inf simple, 30–45 cm; Fl white and brownish-pink.

H. wittebergensis W. F. Barker (J. South Afr. Bot. 8: 245, 1942). Type: RSA, Western Cape ( Pieterse s.n. [NBG 68214]). — Distr: RSA (Western Cape: Laingsburg: Witteberg Mts.); mainly Fynbos vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 43) – Fig. 15.
[1] Ros stemless, slowly proliferating, to 3 cm ∅; L 20–30, long and slender, 15 × 0.8 cm, attenuate, conspicuously amplexicaul, grey-green with white spines on margins and keel, coriaceous; Inf slender, to 30 cm, lax; Fl 15–20, laxly arranged, white with green venation.

Fig. 15 – Haworthia wittebergensis. (Copyright: E. J. Van Jaarsveld)

H. woolleyi Von Poellnitz (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 42: 269–270, 1937). Type: B [lecto, ill. publ. Cact. J. (Croydon) 7: 3, 1938]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: E Little Karoo: Steytlerville); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 63); Gildenhuys ( 2017: 47, as Haworthiopsis).
≡ Haworthia venosa ssp. woolleyi (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997) ≡ Haworthiopsis woolleyi (Von Poellnitz) G. D. Rowley (2013) ≡ Haworthiopsis venosa var. woolleyi (Von Poellnitz) Breuer (2016).
[1] Description as for H. tessellata but Ros stemless; L 20–25, slender, attenuate.

H. zantneriana Von Poellnitz (Cact. J. (Croydon) 5: 35, in clavi, 1935). Type: B [lecto, ill. publ. Desert Pl. Life 9: 90, 1937]. — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape); Albany Thicket vegetation. I: Bayer ( 1982: Fig. 45).
≡ Haworthia chloracantha var. zantneriana (Von Poellnitz) Halda (1997).
[1] Ros stemless, proliferous, 5–6 cm ∅; L 20–40, lanceolate, acuminate, 6 × 1.2 cm, attenuate, soft, glabrous, spreading, pale green, usually with pellucid white longitudinal marks; Inf slender, to 25 cm; Fl sparsely arranged, 20–30, white with green venation.

H. zantneriana var. minor M. B. Bayer (Haworthia Revisited, 164, ills., 1999). Type: RSA, Eastern Cape ( Bayer 1702 [NBG]). — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Willowmore, S Karoo).
≡ Haworthia inspida Breuer ( 2010).
[1] Differs from var. zantneriana: Ros small, to 5 cm ∅; L unmarked.

H. zantneriana var. zantneriana — Distr: RSA (Eastern Cape: Willowmore, Steytlerville).
[1] Plants to 8 cm tall; L with markings.

References

Battista, L. (2009) Il genere Haworthia. Piante Grasse 29(Suppl.): 1–52, ills. map.

Bayer, M. B. (1976) Haworthia handbook. A guide to the species, with identification keys and illustrations. Kirstenbosch (ZA): National Botanic Gardens of South Africa.

Bayer, M. B. (1982) The new Haworthia handbook. A revised guide to the literature of the genus, with discussion of the species, identification keys and colour illustrations. Kirstenbosch (ZA): National Botanic Gardens of South Africa.

Bayer, M. B. (1999) Haworthia revisited. A revision of the genus. Hatfield (ZA): Umdaus Press.

Bayer, M. B. (2001) Haworthia rossouwii V.Poelln. and the demise of H. serrata Bayer. Aloe 38(1-2): 31–36, ills.

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Bayer, M. B. (2003a) Whereto Haworthia limifolia ? Aloe 40(2): 41–51, ills., map.

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